Criminal Justice System Respond to Illicit Drugs - Free Essay Example

Illicit drugs in Australia has been a concern for many years and targeted in many forms via politics and media. But what are the real harms and cost of illegal drug use in Australia? Does the drug issue relate to crime and increase drug related crime? Much research has been done on illegal drugs and how best to combat the problem. Should we be tough on drugs or take a step back with a more humane approach? The criminal justice system has approached this problem via many angles and is still working towards a system that works. It could be that the solution to the illicit drug problem could in fact be a mix of many strategies. This essay will examine the past and current trends in the criminal justice system and to analyse the strengths and the weaknesses involved. Research by the Australian Institute of Criminology (2004) has outlined the impact of illicit drugs on society. Many people assume there is a direct correlation between drugs and crime and this research undertaken in fact shows that drug use and crime have similar origins. Origins such as poor social support systems, difficultly in school, association with deviant peer groups and lack of access to economic support systems are the main similarities with drug users and criminals. The results of this research have opened our eyes to the direct link and the magnitude of the illicit drug problem. It is not possible to quantify the exact cost of illicit drug use to the Australian community. However, some components can be measured directly, such as government expenditure through the National Illicit Drug Strategy (NDIS), but many of the social costs borne by the community, such as the extra cost of welfare, health and law and order services, can only be estimated. In addition, a number of costs associated with illicit drug use are not quantifiable, such as pain and suffering resulting from a reduced quality of life. Nevertheless a number of studies attempt to quantify some of the costs of drug use, including social costs. Many also examine how these costs compare with the costs of licit drug use in the community (Burton, K 2004). Statistics from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare have discovered that Marijuana/cannabis accounted for 71% of illicit drug arrests in 2004–05. Further, in 2005, one in 10 prisoners was imprisoned for drug-related offences and finally in 2003–04, 88% of juvenile detainees had used an illicit substance 6 months prior to arrest and 70% were intoxicated at the time of offence. The Australian criminal justice system currently has two approaches to the illicit drug (for clarification, the definition of Illicit Drugs means a drug whose production, sale or possession is prohibited) problem. Prohibition and harm minimisation which will be discussed below. In short, the main aim of prohibition of drugs is to implement legislation and laws as a common means of attempting to control drug use. On the other hand we have harm minimi sation which includes a range of targeted strategies designed to reduce drug-related harm for particular individuals and communities. It aims to reduce the harmful consequences of drugs when consumption cannot be further reduced. Drug laws have not stopped people using drugs, all it has done is create a multi-million dollar illegal market and fuel criminal acts to support such addictions. However, the economic costs associated with harmful drug use, including prevention, treatment, loss of productivity in the workplace, property crime, theft, accidents and law-enforcement activities, amount to over $18 billion annually (Collins Lapsley 1996). Which proves that the drug prohibition is not effective and another approach needs to be introduced. Prohibition is increasingly regarded as flawed in principle and a resounding failure in practice (Wodak Owens, 1996). When the drug laws in Australia were first introduced they came through prohibition instead of regulation. The argument was, that once something evil was banned, the problem was solved. This was not the case as banning such illegal drugs has only made the productions of same increase and created the role of drug traffickers and an illegal underworld to make and distribute such drugs through illegal avenues. As Wodak and Owens stated: â€Å"Focusing on drug use rather than drug-related harm is like concentrating on a mirage (p. 9)† In summary, prohibition has been somewhat successful in raising the health, social and economic costs of drug use. However, each year with technological change, geopolitical developments and the new trade environment make the job of prohibition even harder. On 2 April 1985 Australia officially adopted another view on illegal drugs and this approach was known as harm minimisation. This approach involves supply reduction, demand reduction and harm reduction. Harm minimisation has approached the drug use problem by introducing such schemes as information to drug use rs about how to safely use drugs and supervised injection rooms for users. Extensive consultation and collaboration between these services and police have been important in their success in reducing the spread of blood borne viruses in the community. Governments do not condone illegal risk behaviours such as injecting drug use: they acknowledge that these behaviours occur and that they have a responsibility to develop and implement public health and law-enforcement measures designed to reduce the harm that such behaviours can cause (Ministerial Council on Drug Strategy 1998:46). Harm minimisation encourages change in our attitudes towards people who use drugs including those who are physically and psychologically dependant on illegal drugs. However, whether this is an effective approach is a common argument. One advantage is the fact that Australia does have the lowest reported rate of HIV infection in the world which is evidence alone that harm minimisation approach can work in the community. Harm minimisation can best be viewed in context of community safety and this is an approach to drug use to help keep people safe when they choose to use drugs. One important policy intervention that has gained increased prominence in recent years is the diversion of drug and drug related (crimes committed while under the influence of drugs) offenders. Aimed at deterring, educating or treating the causes of drug dependence, diversion involves the use of the criminal justice system to provide alternative responses, including referral to drug treatment. The main aim of prohibition of drugs is to implement legislation and laws as a common means of attempting to control drug use. On the other hand harm minimisation recognizes the need to seek a balance between supply reduction (disrupt both the supply of illicit drugs entering Australia and the production and distribution of illicit drugs within Australia), demand reduction (reduce the desire for and preparedness to obtain and use drugs) and harm reduction strategies (reduce the impacts of drug-related harm on individuals and communities). Recently harm minimisation took on another strategy known as a diversionary scheme. In April 2009 the Council of Australian Government (COAG) endorsed the National Illicit Drugs Strategy (NDIS) package, providing over $111,536,000 to create a ‘tough on drugs’ initiative that gives priority to diverting illicit drug offenders into treatment. Guidelines were created for States and Territories to divert minor illicit drug offenders into assessment, education and treatment at many levels of the criminal justice system. The aim was to reduce the amount f offenders that appear before the court for possession of illicit drugs , provide incentives for minor offenders to address their drug use and increase access to drug education and treatment. This strategy is based on a harm minimisation approach which refers to policies and programs aimed at red ucing drug-related harm and protecting the community and users. Dr Woolridge (past Federal Health Minister)1999 has stated that it is clinically proven that if you can reach a drug user before the addiction becomes full-blown that you have a better chance of stopping the drug use. Taking this approach statistics have shown that as of July 2007, there were 51 programs that divert drug and drug related offenders: * 69% of programs have been introduced since 2000. * 59% were funded by the Coalition of Australian Governments’ Illicit Drug Diversion Initiative. * 31% involved police diversion, 22% court diversion, 18% drug court diversion and 29% were mixed. * 33% of programs targeted drug use/possession offence(s), 12% drug related offence(s) and 55% any offence(s). 45% of programs targeted adults, 27. 5% youth and 27. 5% mixed. * 49% resulted in assessment and compulsory treatment, 17% assessment and voluntary treatment, 9% cautions and referrals to education sessions, 20% wa rning/formal caution/family group conference, and 8% a fine or optional attendance at an education session (Hughes Ritter 2008) To date each state and territory has created and implemented their own diversionary and harm minimisation measures to tackle the illicit drug problems. Each state and territory have varying programs which may be somewhat different to each of the other states. Some programs may be easier to access, others may only cater for a specific group (ie indigenous people or juveniles). However, they all have the same major programs available as outlined below. According to the Australian Institute of Criminology there are 5 types of drug-diversionary programs currently in use across Australia. Within each of these areas of criminal justice there are a number of diversionary programs available. These initiatives can be divided into groups, depending on their position along the criminal justice continuum. Starting with the pre-arrest phase the most important div ersionary measures is police discretion where officers can detect the offence but not lay charges and provide further information to the offender about how to manage and drug problems and refer them in the right direction. Other measures in place are infringement notices, informal warnings, formal caution and caution plus intervention (where counseling/information sessions must be attended). Police drug diversion –at the front end are the various police based drug diversion programs offer drug education and assessment for those individuals with minor possession offences relating to cannabis or other illicit substances. Next step on the criminal justice continuum is the Pre-trial stage where a charge is made but before the matter is heard at court. Here we have options like treatment as a bail condition, conferencing or prosecutor discretion (where treatment is offered as an alternative to proceeding with prosecution). These programs are at court level and are primarily bail-based programs to provide assessment and short term treatment options for less serious offenders who criminal behaviour is related to their illicit drug use. The next stage is Pre-sentence which is after conviction but before sentencing, this stage includes such measures as delay of sentence where offender may be assessed or treated. Post-conviction/sentence includes the process of sentencing. Diversionary measures can include suspended sentences requiring complying with conditions such as treatment, avoidance of drugs and specific peer groups. At this stage offenders can also be referred to the Drug Courts which are judicially supervised and enforced treatment programs which offer long-term initiative treatment for offenders who drug dependency is a key contributor to their offending. The final stage where diversionary measures can be utlised is in the Pre-release stage which is prior to the release from goal on parole. Options here include transfers to drug treatment progr ams or early release to attend a supervised treatment program. Even though the diversionary programs vary between jurisdictions, for example, in some states police can only caution first time offenders or juveniles and in other jurisdictions diversion is available for any offender caught with drugs, irrespective of age or criminal history. According to the National Illicit Drug Diversion Initiative (IDDI) the findings were generally very positive. Across all jurisdictions , the majority of people who were referred into the IDDI program did not reoffend in the 12 to 18 month period after their diversion. In most cases, those that did reoffend did so only once during this time. Payne et al, 2008). The cost of the various police diversion programs is significant. However, if these initiatives are achieving such their objectives, such costs should be more than offset by the benefits of accruing to the community through a reduction of illicit drug use and related offending and reduced case loads for the criminal justice system. There has been only one study (Baker Goh 2004) that has examined the cost-effectiveness of diversion. The results demonstrated positive results in savings to the criminal justice system. In the first three years of operation it was estimated that over 18,000 police hours were saved as a result of not having to charge offenders at the time of detection, prepare matters for court and attend subsequent hearings. Baker and Goh also calculated that the scheme resulted in total savings of well over $1million dollars during the first 3 years of operation. In the years following the development of the IDDI, researchers (most notably the Alcohol and Other Drugs Council of Australia, ADCA), outlined the benefits of and challenges to expanding the drug diversion and harm minimisation approach. Over coming the political perception that drug diversion was a ‘soft’ option (Hughes, C 2007). While the â€Å"Tough on Drugs Diversion I nitiative’ was seen by policy makers as heralding a more humane response and more harm minimisation approach, the expression and framing of the program was that this was not the case. As John Howard said: â€Å"in no way does it [drug diversion] retreat from our ‘Tough on Drugs’ philosophy, our zero tolerance approach†. So the point that the Government are portraying is that illicit drug use is still against the law however, if someone has psychological, health and social problems, you don’t belong in jail. If the problem is drug use, than that problem must be tackled in order to decrease the social impacts of illicit drug use and to prevent a new generation of drug-users committing drug related crime (Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing, 2004). One of the positive outcomes of the harm minimisation/drug diversion initiatives is that is has now encouraged the collaboration of health and law enforcement services. Which were once two ver y separate divisions have combined forces to tackle the issue of illicit drug use and have broken down the barriers that once segregated the divisions as traditionally the health and justice systems have had little to do with each other with no referral pathway between them. Diversion programs are gradually changing this (Tresidder, J 2003). In conclusion after observing that the prohibition of drugs has not made any significant impact on the use of illicit drugs in society the harm minimisation approach was initiated. This approach was further developed and the drug diversion scheme was created to target the problem in return for long term solutions to protect the drug users and community from each other. Research has shown that this has been successful to some degree however it has come across as somewhat contradictory to the â€Å"tough on drugs† campaign that is portrayed in the media. There is many mixed messages being sent and portrayed about the approach to illicit drugs in the criminal justice system. To date the drug diversionary programs has been the only approach to illicit drugs that has made any headway and molded around the existing drug problems. It is a policy that is designed to reflect the variety of problems that drugs can cause and by treating the cause is the only way to tackle the problem. References Australian Institute of Criminology, Does drug use cause crime? Understanding the drugs-crime link. www. aic. gov. au/publications. crm accessed 10 January 2010. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2007. Statistics on drug use in Australia 2006. Drug Statistics Series No. 18. Cat. no. PHE 80. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Baker, J. and Goh, D. (2004). The Cannabis Cautioning Scheme three years on: An implementation and outcome evaluation. Sydney: NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research. Burton, K, 2004. Illicit Drugs in Australia: Use, Harm and Policy Responses, Parliamentary Library, https:/ /www. aph. gov. au/library/intguide/sp/illicitdrugs. htm, accessed 13 January 2009. Collins DJ Lapsley HM. 1996. The Social Costs of Drug Abuse in Australia in 1988 and 1992, National Drug Strategy monograph series no. 30, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra. Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing. Illicit Drug Diversion Initiative – about diversion. www. health. gov. au Hughes, C. Away from the Courts, Of Substance: The national magazine on Alcohol, Tobacco and other drugs. Volume 7 number 2, 2009 pages 21 and 21. Hughes, C. 2007. Evidence Based policy or policy based evidence? The role of evidence in the development and implementation of the Illicit Drug Diversion Initiative, Drug and Alcohol Review( July 2007)Pages 363-368. Hughes, C. and Ritter, A. 2008. Monograph No. 16: A summary of diversion programs for drug and drug-related offenders in Australia. DPMP Monograph Series. Sydney: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre. Payne, J. Kwiathkow ski, M. Wundersitz, J. 2008. Police Drug Diversion: a study of criminal offending outcomes. AIC Report, Australian Institute of Criminology. Middendorp, C, 2010, Drug Prohibition Doesn’t Work, so What do we do Next? TheAge. com, https://www. theage. com. au/opinion/society-and-culture/drug-prohibition-doesnt-workso-what-do-we-do-next-20100106-lu8v. html, accessed 13 January 2010. National Drug Strategic Framework: 1998–99 to 2002–03, Building Partnerships: A strategy to reduce the harm caused by drugs in our community. Ministerial Council on Drug Strategy 1998 Tresidder, J. 2003. Police Drug Diversion. Of Substance: The national magazine on Alcohol, Tobacco and other drugs. Volume 1 number 1, pages 25-27. Woodak, A and Owens, R. 1996. Drug Prohibition, A Call for Change, University of NSW, Sydney, Australia. Wooldrige, Dr M, 1999, Tough on Drugs diversion programme an enlightened approach. https://www. health. gov. au/internet/main/publishing. nsf/Content/hea lth-mediarel-yr1999-mw-mw99112a. htm accessed 13 January 2010.

Symbolism in the Secret Lion - 724 Words

Symbolism in The Secret Lion The Secret Lion, written by Alberto Rios, is a short story rich in symbolism. The lion, or more specifically a secret lion, the arroyo, or river, and the grinding ball are all symbols used in the story to reinforce the theme of coming of age. The first and most obvious symbol in the story is the lion, or more specifically, the secret lion. It is not a literal lion. The lion of the story represents things that are big and the secret of it is that it is unexplained, or even ignored. It suggests change, and it is a change that is big and confusing. The secret lion is a symbol of coming of age and understanding that with change there is loss, and to hold onto something, it must be secret. The narrator†¦show more content†¦This ball represents perfection in an imperfect environment, and at this time, anything that good wasnt meant to last, because it would be taken away. Like their childhood. Like their whole perception of their whole world. 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Technology Has On Teenagers Like Me - 864 Words

â€Å"Are you even listening?†, â€Å"You’re not even paying attention!†, â€Å"It’s like you’re married to your phone!† If I had a dime for every time my parents have uttered these phrases to me, I’d be a millionaire. Yet, how could they not? Especially when it comes to today’s society. Technology might just be the biggest obstacle in human relationships. Using sources I found in literature and the database, I was able to compare and contrast human relationships before and after new technology was invented, use cause effect to explain the effects that technology has on teenagers like me, and analyze human relationships that have been affected by different media outlets. Let’s see if I can write this essay without getting distracted by my technological devices. Life before the 2000s and parts of the nineties can be considered as the good ole’ days. Most parents, grandparents, and adults can agree with that statemen t. 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Fallacy Paper - 991 Words

Fallacies are committed in every state, in every city and in every neighborhood. No race or gender is impervious to committing a fallacy. So, what is a fallacy? Patrick J. Hurley defines a fallacy as, â€Å"A defect in an argument that consists in something other than false premises alone.† These defects result in misconception in an argument. Many times they are accidental, other times they are committed on purpose. However, either way, fallacies can be very persuasive to the casual reader or listener. One in particular, the false cause fallacy, is used quite often in today’s society. Hurley states that, â€Å"The fallacy of false cause occurs whenever the link between premises and conclusion depends on some imagined causal connection†¦show more content†¦A remedy society knows as â€Å"trial and error.† People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) use fallacies in almost all of their advertisements. 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Lemon Battery - 686 Words

1 2 1. â€Å"Sight Unseen† Written by Brandon Barnes (ASCAP), Joseph Principe (ASCAP), Timothy McIlrath (ASCAP), Zach Blair (ASCAP). Published by Sony/ATV Tunes LLC / Do It To Win Music (ASCAP). Produced by Bill Stevenson. Performed by Rise Against. Courtesy of Geffen Records under license from Universal Music Enterprises. 2008 Geffen Records 2. â€Å"THISKIDSNOTALRIGHT† Written by Aaron R. Bruno. Published by AWOLNATION Music (BMI)/Red Bull Media House GmbH (AKM/AUME). Produced by Aaron R. Bruno. Performed by AWOLNATION. Courtesy of Red Bull Records. 2013 Red Bull Records, Inc. 3. â€Å"Evil Friends† Written by Portugal. The Man and Danger Mouse. Published by WB Music Corp. (ASCAP) and Approaching Airballoons (ASCAP). All rights OBO itself and†¦show more content†¦Published by Neon Knights Inc. (BMI/SOCAN). Produced by Jesse Keeler and Al Puodziukas. Performed by MSTRKRFT. Courtesy of Neon Knights Inc. 9. â€Å"Fallen† Written and Produced by Jacob Plant. Published by Copyright Control. 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Courtesy of Hypersonic. 2013 Hypersonic 3 4 Album Produced by RISHI SHAH Executive Album Producers: JASON LINN and KEVIN KERTES Album Business Affairs: JAImIE ROBERTS, mIcHAEL HAFITz and DIRK HEBERT Album Clearances: NEIL SHULmAN Art Direction: SANDEEP SRIRAm Mastered by: LOUIE TERAN at Marcussen Mastering THANKS TO: Adrian Amodeo, Russell Arons, Pete Axelrad, Maria Belli, Ed Boon, Paul Broucek, Rich Carle, Rocco Carrozza, Irene Chan, Cà ©leigh Chapman, Andrew Cook, Rigo Cortes, Jamal Dauda, Craig Degraff, Brett Fischer, DanShow MoreRelatedThesis: Lemon Battery Making2784 Words   |  12 PagesLEMON BATTERY: A PRACTICAL ALTERNATIVE Thesis Statement: Lemon is a kind of voltaic battery that contains citric acid that could generate LED; digital clocks; calculators; small devices and among others sufficiently like ordinary batteries, economically. OUTLINE: I. Basic Information About Lemon Battery A. What Is Battery? B. Definition Of Lemon C. History Of Lemon D. History Of Lemon Battery E. 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American Literature Free Sample by Experts of MyAssignmenthelp

Questions: 1) In O'Conner's "Good Country People," how are the character's names significant? Is there any symbolism in them? Also, the term "good country people" is thrown around a lot in the story--what does it mean? Do different characters have different definitions?2) What does the term entropy mean and how is this idea presented in Pynchons short story? How does the form, characters, setting and narrative of the story advance this theme? How is this story demonstrative of postmodernist technique? Answers: 1: Good Country People Flannery OConnor has designed the names of different characters of Good Country People with a prompt intention to symbolize the controlled satiric sense of modern world that have neither any moral vision or knowledge. As the name of Mrs. Hopewell sounds sheer hopeful and rejoicing to the readers but she is portrayed as a Georgian farm owner who does not have any futuristic vision of better living. The tenants Mr. and Mrs. Freeman have not availed freedom or empowerment as they are completely dependent on Mrs. Hopewell who have let them work in her farm. Joy has changed her name into Hulga that symbolizes systematic and meticulous lifestyle. On the contrary it is important to note that, the vision of life of Joy alias star Hulga is fragile as she lacks sense in her activities. There is no joyousness in Joy, instead she is more grimful in her naming process. Manley Pointer's name is such that it symbolizes chameleon-like quality and eerie idiosyncrasies (OConnor 1340). The false view of reality of the characters is revealed through the pseudo-intellectual use of the term good country people in the entire story. Flannery tried to ventilate the vague concept of this very term through differentiating the characters from nobility. The characters may live in countryside but they cannot be termed as good in context to their activities. All the characters are from ill- varied ground and possess no specific goodness in them. The different characters may seem divergent from their basic characteristics but in deep down, all of them are representatives of a social condition that has lost the basic moral identity. The social crisis is revealed through the nefarious, nihilistic and pessimistic approaches of the characters (OConnor 1340). 2: Entropy The literal meaning of the term entropy means disorder and degradation that is presented by the vivid narrative style of Pynchon in his short story Entropy. Pynchon pictorially describes a purposeless plot of the apartment of Meatball Mulligan that clearly ventilates the degrading ambitions and social life of American people in after war times. The very narrative style and the activities of the characters in the apartment of Meatball enable Pynchon to advance his pessimist theme towards the conclusion. The setting of the story does not evolve with any kind of permanent aspect except the territories of the unkind spring. The perpetual celebration in the apartment is presented as an scampering process of the individuals from the hard fact of social life that is completely aimless and vague (Pynchon 1484). The forms of this story deluge the past glories but there is no futuristic approach that simply identify the confusion among the individuals. Pynchon has effectively sketches the backdrop and the characters to ventilate his vibrant concern about the fluctuating degeneration of morality and sensibility of that post war periods that are barriers for creativity and prosperity. Entropy describes the aesthetic and theoretical discourses of the post war periods that generate the notion of postmodernism in social theories. This story is an accurate example of postmodernist ideologies as Pynchon has emphasized on relinquishing delineated epistemologies to prove the chaos and disorder of the social life that can only be supplemented through modern rationalistic approaches. This story depicts the need of radical and creative modernism for reducing the instability and aimlessness of the mass (Pynchon 1484). Reference List: Pynchon, Thomas. Entropy. New York.: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. OConnor, Flannery. Good Country People, Harcourt.: Brace and company, 1955.

Cause and Effect of Poor Education Essay Sample free essay sample

To be successful in life one must hold an instruction. It is the right of every American to hold an instruction. Does each individual have the agencies and ability to have an instruction? Unfortunately. in society today it is acquiring more and more hard and less and less low-cost to acquire an instruction to try to be successful in life and in bend to hold a calling that will back up the American dream. Some of the causes of hapless instruction root from the background and fiscal state of affairs of a household. It seems the closer to the poorness degree one may be the less of an instruction they will have. Family history of deficiency of instruction besides plays a function in the deficiency of instruction. If parents and/or grandparents have a high school instruction it is more likely that each coevals thenceforth will graduate high school. A household history of college alumnuss would do a more likely graduation of future coevalss as good. We will write a custom essay sample on Cause and Effect of Poor Education Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Making a pick to remain in school. alumnus and continue to college is a personal determination. Those who choose to take this way are non guaranteed but will be much more likely to be successful in life. Those who choose non to take this way will hold more of a challenge in today’s universe to hold a successful calling and have the ability to back up themselves and their household. This in bend can do one’s life style to take a less than desirable way and go portion of a less desirable life style. Most who live at or below poorness degree do non hold the chance to or make non hold the thrust to obtain an instruction. These factors lead to a life style that can be the death of their lives. Drugs. promiscuousness. adolescent gestation. force. packs. street life and many other negative life experiences become a manner of life. Unfortunately. one time this lifestyle becomes something one is accustomed to it is difficult to acquire off from. This lifestyle paves a way of destructiveness and gaol is frequently the topographic point any farther instruction they receive will come from. This in bend breeds a more educated felon who is now more cognizant of how to be more unproductive in society. In this unproductive society of condemnable behaviour. promiscuousness and teenage gestation. the rhythm will go on with the kids that are born into this life style. A parent in and out of gaol sometimes causes kids to be in and out of surrogate places or populating with relations of their pare nts. Fiscal aid. lodging aid and aid for supplying nutrient becomes the duty of the authorities because the parents are either in gaol or incapable of supplying for the kids born into a poorness life style. It takes a strong willed individual to interrupt the rhythm of the negative effects of a hapless instruction or the deficiency of an instruction. Those who have the strength to interrupt the rhythm will hold a successful life with a batch of attempt and support. Hopefully this is something I will hold the pleasance of seeing more of in my life-time.