All about environmentalism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

All about environmentalism - Assignment Example In this regard, this prejudice is relating environmentalism to racial, sexual, and economic discrimination; this has pushed some environmentalists to protect the rights of all the people to expand the entire ecosystem. Environmental history regards moral code is revolutionary and has caused theatrical development of the human thought. On the other hand, this discrimination was being driven forward by a certain group of individual who was enjoying the fruits from the contradiction of ethics to other groups. However, the science of ecology and diffusion into dispersal traditional eagerness, and biology came up with new commencement for a moral community (Nash, 1989). Scientific concern on the subject of the quality of the environment and interrelated public health and ecological is continuing to be rigorous. The environmental health and fortification have gone ahead to request the public, media, and the political leaders to consider being acceptable (Mikhailovich, Morrison & Arabena, 2007). In this regard, the environmental health and protection has sustained to spread out and become multifarious, they come up with programs based on managerial structure. In the same context, peculiarities are synthetic and have pushed to unsuitable organizational bewilderment, unwanted programmatic gaps and overlaps, and different activities have shared the common objective of guiding the public‘s health and ensuring environmental quality. However, in some cases, various terminologies have molded discordant administrative barriers rather than erecting organizational bridges amid the organizations involved in the fight back for environmental quality. In oth er environmental health and protection organization, programs are performed by agencies rather than the public health service (Webb & King, 2004). Moreover, environmental health and safety supervision is complicated causing challenges entailing both

Trifles by Susan Glaspell Essay Example for Free

Trifles by Susan Glaspell Essay Trfles’ By Susan Glaspell I believe had several small defining moments leading to the one larger defining moment, which brings together all of them together. The defining moment is the discovery of the dead bird hidden in the pretty red box, this leads back to smaller points such as her sewing and the bird cage. â€Å" Here’s some red. I expect this has got sewing things in it. (Brings out a fancy box.) What a pretty box. Looks like something somebody would give you. Maybe her scissors are in here. (Opens box. Suddenly puts her hand to her nose.) Why—(Mrs. Peters bends nearer, then turns her face away.) There’s something wrapped up in this piece of silk.† â€Å"It’s the bird† † (Glaspell, 2011, p. 144), I believe that the two main characters in this play are Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters, the sheriff’s wife. At first is seems they are part of the background story, that they are there but not part of the main action. When the ladies first sit down in the kitchen they are uneasy about being there and how the situation is making them uncomfortable. They feel as if they are judging Mrs. Wright about her house and the way things are. As the ladies discuss her situation they begin to speculate on her guilt. Initially they don’t consider Mrs. Wright as having the personality or ability to commit the crime she has been arrested for. However, as the story continues, signs begin emerging that point to the possibility of her guilt, yet they still are in disbelief. When the author introduces the quilting, it is easy to assume a mental picture of a woman under stress using it to calm her. Once the ladies find the bird cage, at first consideration, as certainly the author intended, is â€Å"what happened to the bird? Did a cat get it? Did it get ill? What could have happened?† Then, given new information about the door to the cage is broken, as if someone yanked it open. It still could have been a cat trying to get at the bird, but then Mrs. Wright didn’t like cats, so that possibility is out. The ladies begin discussing Mr. Wright and how he was a hard man to be around. Here the author begins to give readers more background story of the couple, and plants seeds for reasons to take sides with Mrs. Wright. They describe him as a good man in the way that he didn’t drink and paid his debts but was a hard man to be around, and how she was different before she became Mrs. Wright. Comparing her to a songbird, how she liked to sing and be involved in town things like church, giving her a likeable personality prior to her marriage. As they talk and pass time they are looking for her sewing things to take her so she can pass the time, they discover a pretty red box in with her quilting patches. Thinking it is a box for her scissors, they instead find the dead bird. Not just dead but someone has wrung its neck, a violent end to a tiny life. Mrs. Hale knows that Mrs. Wright was going to bury the bird in the pretty box and begins to think about the bird and how the bird would have kept her company and the beauty of its singing. Their thoughts turn to Mr. Wright and how he would have hated the birds’ singing because he killed Mrs. Wright’s singing. Mrs. Peters recounts a story of when she was a child and had a cat that was killed in front of her and how it could have, would have, hurt the person that killed her cat. At this point both ladies begin to understand a little more of what happened in the house and why. What do they do though, the men are looking for evidence. Mrs. Peters says â€Å"It was an awful thing was done in this house that night, Mrs. Hale. Killing a man while he slept, slipping a rope around his neck that choked the life out of him† (Glaspell, 2011, p. 145), and as she says this Mrs. Hale compares the similarities between the bird and Mr. Wright’s deaths. Mrs. Peters reiterates that they don’t know who killed Mr. Wright. As the women sit and talk they begin to think about what it would have been like for Mrs. Wright to have that little bird to sing to her and then have silence again. Mrs. Peters relates to Mrs. Wright’s situation by sharing her story of having lost a child before, knowing the silence or sadness that comes with a loss like that. Mrs. Hale begins to blame herself for not being a better friend and seeing what was going on, And how she could have been a better neighbor she might have been able to change things. Knowing that they should be blaming themselves for what happened there. Mrs. Peter’s comments on what the men would think if they could hear them getting carried away with a dead canary the way they are and how absurd they must sound. But would they find it as absurd as they think or would it be the evidence they are looking for? As the men come back downstairs Mrs. Hale decides to try and hide the dead bird but it won’t fit in her pocket, at the last second Mrs. Peters puts it in her purse and hides it from the sheriff and attorney that enter the room. With this action, readers are lead to believe that the women have decided that Mrs. Wright in fact did kill her husband while he slept, and that they sympathize with her. Perhaps they haven’t been in the same situation but in a way they empathize with her hopelessness and sadness, and stand unified to protect her. It is interesting that the women find evidence in the case as where the men are looking and can’t seem to come up with anything, to serve as a motive. Another example of how women were perceived in this story is how instead of asking the opinion of the women or if they found anything all they ask is if the women decided if she was going to quilt-it or knot-it. â€Å"Well, ladies, have you decided whether she was going to quilt i t or knot it?† (Glaspell, 2011, p. 144) Reference: Glaspell, S. (2011). Trifles. In D.L. Pike and A.M. Acosta (Eds.) Literature: A world of writing stories, poems, plays, and essays [VitalSource digital version] (pp. 139-145). Boston, MA: Pearson Learning Solutions. Acosta, David L. Pike and Ana (). Literature: A World of Writing Stories, Poems, Plays, and Essays VitalSource eBook for Education Management Corporation [1] (VitalSource Bookshelf), Retrieved from http://digitalbookshelf.southuniversity.edu/books/9780558711825/S1.4/54

Strategies for Discrimination in Adult Community Care

Strategies for Discrimination in Adult Community Care Identify and reflect on potential strategies for addressing oppression  and unfair discrimination encountered in community care for adults. Examine the implications of this process for a social worker value base. The Audit Commission report of 1986 and the Griffiths report 1988 emphasised the need for care to become consumer-led; traditionally state run services were quickly contracted out to private and voluntary sector providers. Value-for-money became key, and community care became the favoured option over and above residential care (Blakemore, 2003). Some argued that social work values became secondary to resource-led decision-making (Banks, 1995). Negative discrimination can be defined as the attribution of negative traits or features with regard to an individual, or a group of people (Thompson 2003). Generally negative discrimination relates to social and biological constructs and can be based upon a multitude of characteristics, such as gender, race, sexual orientation, disability, class, age and so on. Negative discrimination creates situations that can lead to oppressive practices, which is defined by Thompson (2001) as: â€Å"Inhuman or degrading treatment of individuals or groups; hardship and injustice brought about by one group or another; the negative and demeaning exercise of power† (pg 34) The core principle of the NHS Community Care Act 1990 was to give people the choice, where possible, being cared for in their own home (Blackmore, 2003), and the social care field was opened to market forces; services users became consumers. However, the purchasing power of service users is disparate, dependant upon social, economic and individual variables. Adults partaking in community care are particularly vulnerable to oppression where there is an imbalance in the distribution of financial or other material resources; economic status can create real disparities in the standard of care received. Service users will often find their financial resources are controlled by their carers, placing the carer in a powerful position and disempowering the service user. This can be countered by being very open with the service user and avoiding â€Å"closed† decision-making and mystery (Topps, 2001). The service user should be involved at all levels of decision-making regarding resourc es. The Community Care (Direct Payments) Act 1996 is encouraging as it allows local authorities to make direct payments to service users, enabling them to arrange and pay for their own care package. This is a positive step forward in empowering community care service users. It is also important for practitioners and carers to consider their use of language and its potential effects. Dehumanizing and medicalised language can result in a loss of esteem and a sense of disempowerment for the any service user, particularly those with intellectual impairments who maybe less able to understand medical terms. This can be prevented by avoiding jargon and providing lots of opportunities for questions and open discussion. Carers and social services staff should continually check themselves for use of infantilising language and ensure they engage in mature, adult discourse with service users. An example of dehumanizing language that is still used regularly in care setting is the term â€Å"manual handling†. Many physically impaired service users have reported this term as degrading (Elder-Woodward, 2001), as the implication is that the person is an object to be handled. The term â€Å"moving and assisting† is more widely accepted now. We should also consider the power that is implied through the assumption that â€Å"professionals† have superior medical knowledge, skills and expertise in relation to the community care service user. Often, care plans are based upon the medical model; the impairment is seen as the problem and the service users dependence is emphasized (Adams et al, 2002). Thompson (2001) says social work should take a â€Å"demedicalised† stance and look past the pathology, utilizing the social model of disability as described by Adams et al (2002). The social model suggests the service users needs should be considered in a much wider context, ensuring their social and mental health are given equal consideration to their medical needs. Viewing societal constraints as the problem, and not the individual, creates the frame of mind to consider how to remove barriers to mainstream social, political and economic life. Social workers should liase with service users and look towards a solutio n-focused (not impairment-focused) care plan whereby barriers are identified and solutions sought collaboratively, utilizing strengths. Social workers are trained to critically reflect on their practice to ensure they continually monitoring their reactions to, and engagement with, service users. Critically reflective practice is crucial in anti-oppressive and anti-discriminatory work. Until recently, community carers were not trained in such practice and therefore were more likely to repeat oppressive practices over and over as they maybe not be aware of the implicit discriminatory messages of some behaviours. The issue is tackled by new regulations, which require all paid carers to hold an NVQ qualification. The NVQ requires carers to consider issues of discrimination and oppression, and look at significant elements of their own identity. It is important this training is followed up by regular supervision and support (Thompson 2003). Care can be stressful, and it is crucial that steps are taken to minimise pressure, where possible, and for managers/social workers to take the opportunity to debrief with carers as nec essary. The ability to identify and promote non-discriminatory and anti-oppressive practice and procedure is a focal point of the social work value base (Training Organisation for Personal Social Services, 1989). Social workers must maintain awareness of the value base by using a variety of strategies to ensure service users are not discriminated against. The aforementioned strategies mean the social work value base is referred to, and reflected upon on a regular basis; it makes it a working, â€Å"live† document. All of the aforementioned strategies are referred to within the value base as issued raised by service users. Anti-discriminatory and anti-oppressive practices are once again key focus areas for social workers and carers alike. It is encouraging that all workers are required to consider such issues within their training and as part of their value base, and steps are being taken to empower service users by facilitating the co-ordination and funding of their own care package. It remains the case that many care-receivers live with friends/family, who ultimately are in a position of considerable power over the service user, which can lead to oppression and discrimination. References Adams, Robert et al (eds) 2002 Critical Practice in Social Work. Basingstoke, Palgrave. Banks, S (1995) Ethics and Values in Social Work. Macmillan Press LTD, London Blackmore, k (2003) Social Policy: An Introduction. 2nd Ed. Buckingham, Open University Press Elder-Woodward, J (2001) Making Sense of Community Care Recent Initiatives: A service users perspective; or, Farewell to Welfare The perspective of  an ungrateful bastard. Retrieved 16th August 2005 from: http://www.leeds.ac.uk/disability-studies/archiveuk/elderwood/CCPS paper3 (Times12).pdf Thompson, Neil (2001) Anti-discriminatory Practice 3rd Ed. Basingstoke, Palgrave. Thompson, Neil (2003) Promoting Equality: Challenging Discrimination and Oppression 2nd Ed. New York, Palgrave Training Organisation for Personal Social Services (2001) National Occupational Standards for Social Work. Topps, Leeds

Music by Phillip Evergood :: Essays Papers

Music by Phillip Evergood The Painting Music by Philip Evergood is most definitely one of my all-time favorite paintings. The painting has so many rich colors and lively shapes. It literally makes you feel as though you were sitting either in the same room as the people in the painting or possibly even playing music along with them. I think that what Philip Evergood was trying to accomplish with this painting was a feeling of unity through music and I believe that he did an outstanding job of showing this. He made a great effort to show the diversity in his subjects. He shows old men, young men, black men, white men, old women, young women white women, and black women. He uses his theme of music to show incredible unification. One other thing that I especially liked about the painting was the fact that you could almost feel the type of music being played in this modest room. You actually get a feel for the time period and just by being able to see the detail in the individuals clothing and expressions on there face there is something here that screams jazz. In further research I found that Evergood was indeed a jazz fan and the time period 1933- 1959 does indeed make it a possibility that jazz was the music that these individuals were playing. I especially like how Evergood incorporated so many different instruments in his work. Yet another link to jazz in my opinion. He has an insane amalgamation of horns and brass and drums and violins. He has not only portrayed the diversity of music and people but he has shown the unity in music and I think that this was his main theme and I believe that it could not have been executed more beautifully by any other artist at any other time. From the theme of unity and his ability to express it so well to his actual painting technique I believe that Evergood has accomplished something that so many artists reach for. He has given his painting life. He has shown that there is a direct meaning behind themes in his painting. Themes that are not so much hidden but more or less right in your face, ready to be taken in.

Virgin Mobile Case Analysis

Virgin Mobile has strategically shaped its marketing mix to appropriately target the younger demographic. First, lets look at it’s the product element. The younger demographic is more open to new things like text messaging, downloading information from their phones, ring tones, faceplates, graphics, having access to popular entertainment on their phone, etc. For younger people, phones are less of a tool and more of a fashion accessory or personal statement. To appeal to these needs, Virgin Mobile created â€Å"VirginXtras,† which involve the delivery of popular content, features, and entertainment. They signed an exclusive, multi-year content and marketing agreement with MTV networks to deliver music, games, and other such content to Virgin Mobile subscribers. Consumers have access to branded accessories and phones, graphics, ring tones, text alerts, and voice mail. In addition to the MTV-branded content, Virgin Mobile also included the following VirginXtras: text messaging, online real-time billion, rescue ring (a prearranged â€Å"escape† call such as to avoid a bad date), wake up calls, fun audio clips, a hit list of top 10 songs in which subscribers can listen to and vote for, a music messenger that allows subscribers to shoot a message to their friends so that they listen to a song, and a movie application that provides descriptions, show times, and ticket purchases in advance. All of these features appeal to the youth market, and generate additional usage and loyalty. Next lets look at the elements of placement and distribution. Virgin Mobile adopted a channel strategy that was more closely aligned to its target-market segment. They decided to distribute their products in channels where youth shop, which means places like Target, Sam Goody, music stores, and Best Buy. These are the stores that kids usually buy consumer electronic products, such as CD players and MP3 players. Virgin Mobile decided to package their products in similar consumer electronics packaging so it would be familiar to these consumers. They created a clear, see through package where consumers can examine the phone without a salesperson helping them and purchase it like they would any other consumer electronics product they would normally buy. Virgin made a contract with the handset manufacturer Kyocera from which it buys different phone models with different features and functions. The first two basic models were bundled with interchangeable faceplates that would be decorated with eye-catching colors and patterns, bundled into a bright red starter pack. This starter pack would be easily visible on large point-of-sale displays, and available at all of the popular retailers that the younger demographic shops at. The younger demographic doesn’t want to be hassled with sales people and extra obstacles in purchasing a phone. They want fashionable, accessible, easily located, and conveniently located products. That is the exact aim Virgin Mobile was going for in its placement and distribution strategy. Another important element of the marketing mix is promotion. Virgin mobile had a much tighter focus and narrower target market than that of their competitors. This meant that they could target the youth demographic in a more direct, efficient, and less-cluttered way. As generally noted, the younger generation is more responsive to advertisement that is up-to-date, modern, fun, and relates to the â€Å"young and hip† attitude of their generation. Since younger consumers often view their phone as a personal statement, it was important for Virgin Mobile to reach this personal and youthful side. They devised an advertising that the company described as â€Å"quirky, offbeat, and completely different. The ads featured teens and made use of strange, quirky metaphors. They named their phone models â€Å"Party Animal† and â€Å"Super Model† to relate to pop culture and the younger generation’s lifestyle. Virgin Mobile used this unique promotional strategy to stand out from the rest of crowd and truly make a statement to the younger demographic with ads that are not boring and â€Å"run-of-the-mill. † They were a lot more unique, creative, and entertaining—all attributes that younger consumers value. Furthermore, the company worked with popular youth magazines to publish â€Å"advertorial† pieces. Virgin Mobile also executed numerous high-profile street marketing events that featured paid performers—dancers and gymnasts dressed in red from head to toe—who engaged in various stunts. Perhaps the most famous and attention grabbing promotional stint was for the launch of the Virgin Mobile USA service. The cast of The Full Monty—a popular Broadway show—appeared with Sir Richard Branson (Virgin founder) dangling from a building in NYC Time Square wearing nothing but a large Virgin Mobile red phone. It is events and promotional stints like these that truly reach out the younger aged consumers—bold, exciting, modern, and fun. Virgin Mobile Case Analysis Virgin Mobile has strategically shaped its marketing mix to appropriately target the younger demographic. First, lets look at it’s the product element. The younger demographic is more open to new things like text messaging, downloading information from their phones, ring tones, faceplates, graphics, having access to popular entertainment on their phone, etc. For younger people, phones are less of a tool and more of a fashion accessory or personal statement. To appeal to these needs, Virgin Mobile created â€Å"VirginXtras,† which involve the delivery of popular content, features, and entertainment. They signed an exclusive, multi-year content and marketing agreement with MTV networks to deliver music, games, and other such content to Virgin Mobile subscribers. Consumers have access to branded accessories and phones, graphics, ring tones, text alerts, and voice mail. In addition to the MTV-branded content, Virgin Mobile also included the following VirginXtras: text messaging, online real-time billion, rescue ring (a prearranged â€Å"escape† call such as to avoid a bad date), wake up calls, fun audio clips, a hit list of top 10 songs in which subscribers can listen to and vote for, a music messenger that allows subscribers to shoot a message to their friends so that they listen to a song, and a movie application that provides descriptions, show times, and ticket purchases in advance. All of these features appeal to the youth market, and generate additional usage and loyalty. Next lets look at the elements of placement and distribution. Virgin Mobile adopted a channel strategy that was more closely aligned to its target-market segment. They decided to distribute their products in channels where youth shop, which means places like Target, Sam Goody, music stores, and Best Buy. These are the stores that kids usually buy consumer electronic products, such as CD players and MP3 players. Virgin Mobile decided to package their products in similar consumer electronics packaging so it would be familiar to these consumers. They created a clear, see through package where consumers can examine the phone without a salesperson helping them and purchase it like they would any other consumer electronics product they would normally buy. Virgin made a contract with the handset manufacturer Kyocera from which it buys different phone models with different features and functions. The first two basic models were bundled with interchangeable faceplates that would be decorated with eye-catching colors and patterns, bundled into a bright red starter pack. This starter pack would be easily visible on large point-of-sale displays, and available at all of the popular retailers that the younger demographic shops at. The younger demographic doesn’t want to be hassled with sales people and extra obstacles in purchasing a phone. They want fashionable, accessible, easily located, and conveniently located products. That is the exact aim Virgin Mobile was going for in its placement and distribution strategy. Another important element of the marketing mix is promotion. Virgin mobile had a much tighter focus and narrower target market than that of their competitors. This meant that they could target the youth demographic in a more direct, efficient, and less-cluttered way. As generally noted, the younger generation is more responsive to advertisement that is up-to-date, modern, fun, and relates to the â€Å"young and hip† attitude of their generation. Since younger consumers often view their phone as a personal statement, it was important for Virgin Mobile to reach this personal and youthful side. They devised an advertising that the company described as â€Å"quirky, offbeat, and completely different. The ads featured teens and made use of strange, quirky metaphors. They named their phone models â€Å"Party Animal† and â€Å"Super Model† to relate to pop culture and the younger generation’s lifestyle. Virgin Mobile used this unique promotional strategy to stand out from the rest of crowd and truly make a statement to the younger demographic with ads that are not boring and â€Å"run-of-the-mill. † They were a lot more unique, creative, and entertaining—all attributes that younger consumers value. Furthermore, the company worked with popular youth magazines to publish â€Å"advertorial† pieces. Virgin Mobile also executed numerous high-profile street marketing events that featured paid performers—dancers and gymnasts dressed in red from head to toe—who engaged in various stunts. Perhaps the most famous and attention grabbing promotional stint was for the launch of the Virgin Mobile USA service. The cast of The Full Monty—a popular Broadway show—appeared with Sir Richard Branson (Virgin founder) dangling from a building in NYC Time Square wearing nothing but a large Virgin Mobile red phone. It is events and promotional stints like these that truly reach out the younger aged consumers—bold, exciting, modern, and fun.

Catalog Shopping - Mail Order Homes and Stock Plans

Catalog Shopping - Mail Order Homes and Stock Plans Did your old house come in the mail? Between 1906 and 1940, thousands of North American homes were built according to plans sold by mail order companies such as Sears Roebuck and Montgomery Wards. Often the entire mail order house (in the form of labeled timbers) came via freight train. Other times, builders used local materials to construct homes according to the mail order catalog house plans. Today, catalog homes can be bought online. Stock plans are pre-drawn building plans that you can order from a catalog, magazine, or website. Most builders and developers offer a number of house plans in stock from which you may choose. Stock plans ordered through the mail or downloaded from a website may include floor plans, foundation plans, structural framing plans, electrical and plumbing plans, cross-section drawings, and elevation drawings. If you are not sure about your selection, you can usually obtain an inexpensive floor plan to review. However, you will need to buy the full set of plans before you can apply for a building permit and begin construction. Catalog house plans by Sears, Montgomery Wards, Aladdin, and other companies were widely distributed in the United States and Canada in what has generally been called pattern books. Where are those plans now? To find the original plans and to learn other important information about your mail order house, follow the steps listed below. Search for Written Records The neighbors may say your home was made by Sears, but they could be mistaken. Several other companies also sold house kits and house plans. To find out who made your house, check building permits, mortgage agreements, deeds, and other public records. Also look through scrapbooks, old correspondence, and ledgers to discover how old is your house. Look for Physical Clues Scout around in the cellar and attic for numbers or words stamped on joists and rafters. Also check your homes hardware and plumbing fixtures. You may be able to find trade names that will identify the manufacturer of your home. Keep in mind that the popular catalog houses were widely copied by local builders. Its easy to mistake a locally-made home for one designed by Sears or Wards. Use the process of architectural investigation. Browse  Online Catalogs Actual pages from historic house plan catalogs are reproduced on several websites. As you browse through these pages, remember that plans were often used for several years after they were first created. So, if your house was built in 1921, make sure to also browse plans for earlier years. Here are some good places to start: Mail Order House Plans  Index in  ThoughtCo.comSears Archives - Find catalog images and network with owners of Sears Mail Order houses. Browse Print Catalogs Cant find anything that resembles your house online? Dont give up. Browse through original or reproduction catalogs at your library or bookstore. Some catalogs even include construction information such as the type of woods to use. Here are a few reproduction Sears catalogs availalble from Amazon.com: Small Houses of the Twenties, the Sears, Roebuck 1926 House Catalog. Construction information includes detailed illustrations of interiors and fixtures.  Sears, Roebuck Homebuilders Catalog  - The Complete Illustrated 1910 Edition. Well-illustrated with construction specifications.  Homes in a Box, Modern Homes from Sears Roebuck, Schiffer Publishing. Reproduction of Sears 1912 Modern Homes catalog.   Be Open-Minded Local builders and homeowners often customized mail order plans, adding porches, moving doors, and adapting details to accommodate personal tastes and needs. The mail order plans you find may not resemble your own home exactly. Study the Ads The catalog page for your mail order home will provide a wealth of information. Youll find the original retail price of the house and the types of materials used. Youll see floor plans and a simple drawing of the house. You might even find some construction details and specifications. Stock Plans Today Stock plans dont have to be from Sears, Roebuck and Company, although bungalows by mail were popular at the turn of the 20th century. Pre-drawn plans dont have to be manufactured built or prefab homes. These days, architects may make custom plans for a client and then put those plans on the market as stock plans.  Houseplans.com is one avenue for these architects. Does all this seem like a lot of work? You bet! But researching your mail order home is also fun and fascinating. Youll enjoy the journey, and along the way youre likely to meet friends who share your enthusiasm for older homes.  Good luck!

History of the Caste System in India

History of the Caste System in India The origins of the caste system in India and Nepal are not fully known, but castes seems to have originated more than two thousand years ago. Under this system, which is associated with Hinduism, people were categorized by their occupations. Although originally caste depended upon a persons work, it soon became hereditary. Each person was born into an unalterable social status. The four primary castes are Brahmin, the priests; Kshatriya, warriors and nobility; Vaisya, farmers, traders and artisans; and Shudra, tenant farmers, and servants. Some people were born outside of (and below) the caste system. They were called untouchables or Dalits- the crushed ones. Theology Behind the Castes Reincarnation is the process by which a soul is reborn into a new material form after each life; it is one of the central features of the Hindu cosmology. Souls can move not only among different levels of human society, but also into other animals. This belief is thought to be one of the primary reasons for the vegetarianism of many Hindus. Within a single lifetime, people in India historically had little social mobility. They had to strive for virtue during their present lives in order to attain a higher station their next time around. In this system, a particular souls new form depends upon the virtuousness of its previous behavior. Thus, a truly virtuous person from the Shudra caste could be rewarded with rebirth as a Brahmin in his or her next life. Daily Significance of Caste Practices associated with caste varied through time and across India, but all shared some common features. The three key areas of life historically dominated by caste were marriage, meals, and religious worship. Marriage across caste lines was strictly forbidden. Most people even married within their own sub-caste or jati. At mealtimes, anyone could accept food from the hands of a Brahmin, but a Brahmin would be polluted if he or she took certain types of food from a lower caste person. At the other extreme, if an untouchable dared to draw water from a public well, he or she polluted the water, and nobody else could use it. In religious worship, Brahmins, as the priestly class, presided over rituals and services including preparation for festivals and holidays, as well as marriages and funerals. The Kshatrya and Vaisya castes had full rights to worship, but in some places, Shudras (the servant caste) were not allowed to offer sacrifices to the gods. Untouchables were barred entirely from temples, and sometimes they were not even allowed to set foot on temple grounds. If the shadow of an untouchable touched a Brahmin, the Brahmin would be polluted, so untouchables had to lay face-down at a distance when a Brahmin passed. Thousands of Castes Although the early Vedic sources name four primary castes, in fact, there were thousands of castes, sub-castes, and communities within Indian society. These jati were the basis of both social status and occupation. Castes or sub-castes besides the four mentioned in the Bhagavad Gita include such groups as the Bhumihar or landowners, Kayastha or scribes, and the Rajput, a northern sector of the Kshatriya, or warrior, caste. Some castes arose from very specific occupations, such as the Garudi- snake charmers- or the Sonjhari, who collected gold from river beds. The Untouchables People who violated social norms could be punished by being made untouchables. This was not the lowest caste. The person deemed untouchable- and their descendants- were condemned and completely outside of the caste system. Untouchables were considered so impure that any contact with them by a caste member would contaminate the member. The polluted person would have to bathe and wash his or her clothing immediately.  The untouchables historically did work that no one else would do, like scavenging animal carcasses, leather-work, or killing rats and other pests.  Untouchables could not eat in the same room as caste members and could not be cremated when they died. Caste among Non-Hindus Curiously, non-Hindu populations in India sometimes organized themselves into castes as well. After the introduction of Islam on the subcontinent, for example, Muslims were divided into classes such as the Sayed, Sheikh, Mughal, Pathan, and Qureshi. These castes are drawn from several sources: The Mughal and Pathan are ethnic groups, roughly speaking, while the Qureshi name comes from the Prophet Muhammads clan in Mecca. Small numbers of Indians were Christian from around 50 CE onward. Christianity expanded in India after the Portuguese arrived in the 16th century. Many Christian Indians continued to observe caste distinctions, however. Origins of the Caste System Early written evidence about the caste system appears in the Vedas, Sanskrit-language texts that date from as early as 1500 BCE. The Vedas form the basis of Hindu scripture. The Rigveda, however, which dates from around 1700–1100 BCE, rarely mentions caste distinctions and is taken as evidence that social mobility was common in its time. The Bhagavad Gita, which dates from around 200 BCE–200 CE, emphasizes the importance of caste. In addition, the Laws of Manu or Manusmriti, from the same era, defines the rights and duties of the four different castes or varnas. Thus, it seems that the Hindu caste system began to solidify sometime between 1000 and 200 BCE. The Caste System During Classical Indian History The caste system was not absolute during much of Indian history. For example, the renowned Gupta Dynasty, which ruled from 320 to 550 CE, was from the Vaishya caste rather than the Kshatriya. Many later rulers also were from different castes, such as the Madurai Nayaks (who ruled from 1559 to 1739 CE) who were Balijas (traders). From the 12th century to the 18th century CE, much of India was ruled by Muslims. These rulers reduced the power of the Hindu priestly caste, the Brahmins. The traditional Hindu rulers and warriors, or Kshatriyas, nearly ceased to exist in north and central India. The Vaishya and Shudra castes also virtually melded together. Although the Muslim rulers faith had a strong impact on the Hindu upper castes in the centers of power, anti-Muslim feeling in rural areas actually strengthened the caste system. Hindu villagers reconfirmed their identity through caste affiliation. Nonetheless, during the six centuries of Islamic domination (roughly 1150–1750 CE), the caste system evolved considerably. For example, Brahmins began to rely on farming for their income, since the Muslim kings did not give rich gifts to Hindu temples. This farming practice was considered justified so long as Shudras did the actual physical labor. The British Raj and Caste When the British Raj began to take power in India in 1757, they exploited the caste system as a means of social control. The British allied themselves with the Brahmin caste, restoring some of its privileges, which had been repealed by the Muslim rulers. However, many Indian customs concerning the lower castes seemed discriminatory to the British, so these were outlawed. During the 1930s and 1940s, the British government made laws to protect the Scheduled castes, untouchables and low-caste people. A movement toward the abolition of untouchability took place within Indian society in the 19th and early 20th centuries as well. In 1928, the first temple welcomed untouchables (Dalits) to worship with its upper-caste members. Mohandas Gandhi advocated emancipation for the Dalits, too, coining the term harijan or Children of God to describe them. Caste Relations in Independent India The Republic of India became independent on August 15, 1947. Indias new government instituted laws to protect the Scheduled castes and tribes which included both the untouchables and groups living traditional lifestyles. These laws include quota systems that help to ensure access to education and to government posts. Because of these shifts, a persons caste has become somewhat more of a political category than a social or religious one in modern India. Sources: Ali, Syed. Collective and Elective Ethnicity: Caste among Urban Muslims in India, Sociological Forum, vol. 17, no. 4, December 2002, pp. 593-620.Chandra, Ramesh. Identity and Genesis of Caste System in India. Gyan Books, 2005.Ghurye, G.S. Caste and Race in India. Popular Prakashan, 1996.Perez, Rosa Maria. Kings and Untouchables: A Study of the Caste System in Western India. Orient Blackswan, 2004.Reddy, Deepa S. The Ethnicity of Caste, Anthropological Quarterly, vol. 78, no. 3, Summer 2005, pp. 543-584.

European Management Style In Bangladeshi Culture Management Essay Essay Example

European Management Style In Bangladeshi Culture Management Essay Essay Example European Management Style In Bangladeshi Culture Management Essay Essay European Management Style In Bangladeshi Culture Management Essay Essay Discuss CRITICALLY the construct of national civilization with peculiar mention to your ain state. Critically review informations from a lower limit of two theoretical accounts plus other surveies. Attempt to accommodate any conflicting informations by sing issues of cogency, age, and sampling, recognizing issues of cultural alteration. What grounds is at that place to back up the construct of a national direction manner for your state? Offer a clear decision on these issues. Reflect critically on your ain experience of direction in your state, either as a director or as a subsidiary. Measure TWO critical incidents from your experience and associate them to at least TWO appropriate direction theoretical accounts, and to theoretical accounts of national civilization. To what extent do you see your experiences typical of direction manners in your state? The two elements have equal weighting and both parts must be passed to go through the assignment. Format REQUIRED: Essay non describe manner Full Harvard citing short mention in the text and full mentions in alphabetical order by family name is a mention list at the terminal the work. Ill referenced work will neglect atomically. Word bound is 3000 words and the word count must be given on the assignment. Appendixs may be added and will non be considered in the word count but should non transcend 1000 words- theoretical accounts etc may be placed at that place. There must be clear links in the text to the stuff in the appendices. Submission will be in 12 point Arial fount with 1.5 line spacing. Spelling, grammar and punctuation will be checked electronically and visually and corrected. An electronic transcript will be uploaded to JISC by the pupil and will be checked for plagiarism. Full inside informations on how to upload will be given before entry. Submission deadline- 25/June/2010 Introduction A major challenge of making concern internationally is to accommodate efficaciously to different civilizations. Such version requires an apprehension of cultural diverseness, perceptual experience, stereotypes, and values ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . Culture is acquired cognition that people use to construe experiences and bring forth societal behavior. This cognition forms values, creates attitudes and influences how people act ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . The chief features of civilization that most bookmans have defined are as follows: Learned Culture is obtained by larning, cognition, pattern, experience etc. instead than familial or replete. Shared Culture is non merely for peculiar individual it is about group of people, society or organisation and signifier through interactions. Transgenerational Culture endures from coevals to coevals. Symbolic Culture is based on symbols for illustration Language can be an of import facet of civilization that helps to stand for different substances and facts. Patterned Culture is integrated and consistent within and across the people, several alterations in action takes topographic point if there needs to be changed. Adaptive Culture is adaptative, people adapt to new fortunes and environment to suit it. As a assortment of civilizations do present in the universe, for international direction, the director do necessitate to cognize about the civilization that they are collaborating with otherwise things might turn out unsuccessful. A most of import characteristic in civilization is Values that is the cardinal rule of an person in relation to their thought of what is right and wrong, good and bad, important and undistinguished, right and incorrect. These are practiced in civilization where it has contemplation on person s behavior and hence due to differences in civilization values can hold different direction systems. Followings specify about how civilization can impact direction attacks: Centralized V. Decentralized In some civilization of a society, top-level directors take of import determinations whereas others give authorization to moo, mid degree directors or active participants to take determinations. Safety vs. Risk In some topographic points, hazards can be expected and uncertainnesss are handled while, others are wholly unwilling to take hazards and face job if any uncertainness arises. Individual vs. Group Rewards In some topographic points, persons are given wagess on their assessment while others consider group wagess. Informal V. Formal processs Some topographic point follow formal processs steadfastly whereas others get accomplishments with even informal processs. High vs. Low Organizational trueness In some topographic point, people gets acknowledgment or grasp by their organisational prominence while some people in other topographic point get to cognize as their professional label. Cooperation vs. Competition in some topographic points, people are encouraged to be competitory with their co-workers whereas in some topographic points they are meant to be concerted. Short term vs. Long term Horizons In some topographic point much focal point is given on short-run net income and efficiency while in other topographic points they think about long run ends. Stability V. Innovation some civilizations does retain their stablenesss and do non accept alterations but some do alterations and accept new occurrences and invention. International directors need to understand that due to differences in national civilization requires different direction attacks and behaviors. Needs to hold effectual integrating of different civilizations and methods. They need to understand that such direction that works in one state might non work into another in certain facets. In order to understand work on cultural issues, some research workers have established theoretical accounts that are still used widely in direction development process. Followings are the amplification of theoretical accounts from two well-known research workers Greet Hofstede and Fons Trompenaars. Hofstede theoretical accounts describes about differences in behavior in varied civilization whereas, Trompenaars talks about how people relate to each other, about clip and environment. Hofstede s Model Geert Hofstede s, a research worker, identified five cultural dimensions that show people from assorted civilizations have differences in their behavior. The research has been carried out in one organisation merely, IBM that is spread within 70 states, because the differences amongst national civilizations of all employees can be identified clearly as all variables were matched in other respects, like type of work, educational degrees for similar businesss, holding strong managerial civilization, organisation construction, techniques and processs. The five dimensions are discussed below: Power Distance: The extent to which the less powerful members of organisations and establishments accept and expect that power is distributed unevenly ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . In civilization holding low power distance, people anticipate with advisory and independent environment. They relate to each other more as peers despite of formal places. Such civilizations have level organisational construction and be given to be decentralized. The people frequently can be found of extremely qualified and the salary scope between upper and lower degree places is normally narrow. By contrast, in civilization with high power distance, inequalities in the thick of people are normal and considered necessary. The environment is more bossy or paternalistic and the subsidiaries accept the domination from their upper hierarchal places. Such civilizations have tall organisational construction and be given to be centralized and frequently will dwell of people of less qualified and the wage bet ween upper and lower degree is normally broad. Uncertainty Avoidance: The extent to which people feel threatened by equivocal state of affairss and have created beliefs and establishments that try to avoid these ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . It deals how people are discerning about any unfamiliar enterprise and how they handle or minimise uncertainness. In civilization with high uncertainness turning away, people follow definite conventions and officially planned activities, maintain exact Torahs and regulations, directors prefer non to take hazards, have strong belief in experts and their cognition, be given to be less ambitious and prefer non to alter current employer. They are more emotional and have subjective feeling of jitteriness. By contrast, in civilization with low uncertainness turning away, it is to be followed unwritten, flexible conventions and do insouciant activities, they are more likely to follow few regulations, directors take hazards, have strong belief in Renaissance mans and common sense, be given to be really ambitious and prefer to alter employer often. They are less nerve-racking and more unconcerned, brooding and comfy about uncertainness and being encouraged to utilize their ain thoughts and take up liability for their activities. Individuality and Bolshevism: Individuality is the inclination of people to look after themselves and their immediate household merely ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . In such civilization, people are expected to look after oneself and 1s immediate household. Their individuality is based on single and they normally develop or formalized their ain single character and make up ones mind their associations. Belief exists in single judgements and has emotional independency from organisations and besides accent is on single enterprise and achievements. The relationship between employee and employer is a contractual on shared benefit. Collectivism is the inclination of people to belong to groups or collectives and to look after each other in exchange for trueness ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . In such civilization, people act more cohesively into groups or extended households and give part without holding any purpose in return. Their individuality is based on societal system and belief exists in-group opinions and has emotional dependences of the person on organisations and besides accent is on favor to organisations. The relationship between employee and employer is evident in ethical nomenclature. Masculinity and Femininity: Masculinity is a civilization in which the dominant values in society are success, money, and things ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . In such civilization, people tend to hold importance on money, repute, patterned advance and challenge instead than preservation of the environment. They are expected to be single determination shapers. Work forces are more likely to be self-assured, motivated, determined and strong, on the other manus, adult females are more likely to be caring, soft and expression after life. There is high occupation force per unit area on equity, fighting and accomplishments in the workplace and industrial confliction is common. Directors are frequently decisive and command employees public presentations. By contrast, Femininity is a civilization in which the dominant values in society are caring for others and the quality of life ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . In such civilization, people tend to hold more importance on teamwork, gr oup determinations and on the preservation of the environment. They are expected to be modest, stamp and concerned with relationships. There is low occupation force per unit area on equity, competency and quality of work-life and does non hold industrial confliction. Directors give freedom and wagess to employees on their activities. Long-run Orientation and Short-run Orientation: In long-run orientation, activities have value that can hold an consequence on finding, doggedness, economic system and humiliation. In short-run orientation, activities have an consequence on normative statement, stableness, regard for tradition and reciprocation of good wants, favors and gifts. Trompenaars s Model Fons Trompenaars, another research worker, identified seven dimensions in which five describes about how people relate to each one another and sixth one is clip that describes how civilization can be laid accent on yesteryear, nowadays or hereafter and last one is environment that is related to nature. His research has been carried out over 15,000 directors from 28 states, showing 47 national civilizations. The seven dimensions are as follow: Universalism vs. Particularism: Universalism is the belief that thoughts and patterns can be applied everyplace in the universe without alteration ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . In universalism civilization, people tend to concentrate more into formal regulations instead than relationships. They keep adhere to their concern contracts and do determinations without situational considerations, which sometimes are referred to difference of sentiments and incompatibilities. By contrast, Particularism is the belief that fortunes order how thoughts and patterns should be applied and something can non be done the same everyplace ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . In such civilization, it is the other manner around, people tend to concentrate more into relationship than on formal regulations. Peoples amend the understandings or take determinations sing situational fortunes as to them the concern contracts do non hold much significance. Individualism vs. Communitarianism: In Individualism civilization, people tend to prosecute in ain personal accomplishments and take for granted a great trade of single duty. On the other manus, Communitariantism refers to people sing themselves as portion of a group ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . In such civilization, people take determinations that seemingly referred to group and success accomplishment in groups and presume duty together. Impersonal V. Emotional: Neutral is a civilization in which emotions are held in cheque. ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . In such civilization, people do non demo show their emotions in order non to hold hinderance on their judgements. By contrast, Emotional is a civilization in which emotions are expressed openly and of course. ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . In this civilization, people express their emotions honestly. They portion smilings, joy, defeat, and salutations, show enthusiasm. Specific V. Defuse: Specific is a civilization in which persons have a big public infinite they readily portion with others and a little private infinite they guard closely and portion with merely close friends and associates. ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . In such civilization, people tend to acquire invitation on public infinite. They are normally unfastened and extravert and their personal and professional life are strongly detached. Defuse is a civilization in which public infinite and private infinite are similar in size and persons guard their public infinite carefully, because entry into public infinite affords entry into private infinite every bit good. ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . In this civilization, people are non invited to public infinite. They are normally introvert and their professional and personal lives are connected to each other. Achievement vs. Ascription: Achievement is a civilization in which people are accorded position based on how good they perform their maps. ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . In such civilization, people tend to achieve position, place or power based on their accomplishments, cognition and accomplishments. On the other manus, Ascription is a civilization in which position is attributed based on who or what a individual is. ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . In this civilization, people attain position based on age, gender or person familiarities. Time: It has two attacks, consecutive and synchronal. In consecutive civilization, people tend to make one activity one at a clip. ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . They adhere to their assignments and follow programs and agenda purely. On the other manus, in synchronal civilization, people tend to make more than one activity at a clip. ( Hodgett and Luthans, 2006 ) . Their actions are non entitled to agenda or hold definite clip to keep. Agendas are less important than relationships. Environment: It has two orientation, internal-orientation and external-orientation. In internal-orientation civilization, single is responsible for commanding fortunes and non comfy in altering state of affairss whereas, in external-orientation civilization, person is non responsible for their actions and are more flexible in compromising and comfy in altering state of affairss. National Culture of Bangladesh National civilization is revealed to be built-in what people frequently take for granted from their legal residence environment ( Edensor, 2002 ) . The survey of national civilization gives a synoptic thought of local values/ shared significances, political system, religion/philosophical beliefs, economic prosperity, linguistic communication and instruction system ( French, 2007 ) . The below Hagiographas is about the perceptual experience of natural civilization of the People s Republic of Bangladesh. It is a state situated in Southern Asia with an country of 144,000 sq kilometer and is bordered by Bay of Bengal in South, by India in north, west and east and by Myanmar in sou-east. It has emerged as free state after Independence War in 1971, which the state still prides of and besides about other values and beliefs, like Bengali New Year, National Mourning, Martyr Day, International Language Day etc. It has a civilization of mixture of full music, dance, folks, play, art, trade, literature, doctrine, faith, festivals, jubilations etc. The state does hold population of around 140 1000000s with blend of assorted faith Muslim, Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity and others. It has parliamentary democratic authorities. The province linguistic communication is Bangla followed by English, the 2nd linguistic communication, which is widely used in different concern sector s, instruction etc. Harmonizing to UN Development Programme ( UNDP ) 2008 figures, the literacy rate is at 52.5 per centum. Has agricultural production, natural resources, exports and imports concern. From the perceptual experience of The Central Intelligence Agency ( 2010 ) of USA, Bangladesh has attained about 6 % GDP growing rate. For the last twosome of decennaries, labour force has increased even more due to rapid growing of population and has reached a entire sum of 72.5 million and rate of people without occupation is 2.5 % ( Khan, 2010 ) . In Bangladesh, the concern is normally set up with cross-cultural direction and is maintained really traditionally and cautiously. Such direction persevere grade of formality and shows regard and dainty with self-respect to seniors, older people, person from high authorization or authorities functionaries. Hierarchical construction in direction system is maintained more in public sector than in private concern. Peoples with higher rank or from top-level direction have more privilege, i.e. harmonizing with Hofstede dimensions of civilization directors have high power distance. Bangladesh has a civilization of low hazard and low alteration tolerant. The intercultural capablenesss and dispositions for uncertainness or hazard are low. New programs are studied and analyzed with consciousness to do certain whatever hazards they found are good defined and understood. In instance of any alterations, the new proposals are supposed to be stabilized and accepted by the people. Intercultural apprehension is important for hazard well influenced by the effects of failure for both single and organisation. Harmonizing to Hofstede s cultural dimensions Bangladesh has low uncertainness turning away. By and large, directors or person from upper degree have paternalistic attitude towards their employees to some extent and they take determinations while the subsidiaries are meant to follow. The civilization is slightly towards bossy attack. Top-level authorities functionaries of the state take determinations and handed over to the directors to put to death the process. Normally, the determination shapers seek advice from the experts before taking any measure. They merely inquire for subsequent information instead than looking for consensus. Harmonizing to Hofstede s theoretical account Bangladeshi s directors are more individualistic instead than collectivized. Bangladeshi directors tend to see long-run determination doing instead than short-run. And besides they have respects for civilization, tradition and concern about communal duties. Other issues like faith, linguistic communication, vicinity and reciprocated of gifts are kept into consideration in such civilization. Harmonizing to Hofstsede s theoretical account, Bangladeshi direction is less long-run orientation and high short-run oriented. Most Bangladeshi directors do their concern depending on statics, experiences and empirical informations, while others believe in inherent aptitude, religion and chance. Generally, in such civilization, emotional looks are shown, ever posses good nature to others, conceal defeat or irritation. Harmonizing to Hofstede s theoretical account Bangladeshi director has features of Femininity. In Bangladesh, societal traffics tend to be more demanding, autocratic, paternalistic, bossy, inequality determination devising processs, trueness, motive and commanding in direction attitude. Relatively, in West, tend to hold advisory or equality decision-making processs, self-interest, aggressive personality, competence, individuality in direction attitude. European Management manner in Bangladeshi civilization BV Ltd. is an offshore package development and Information Technology confer withing house, since 2001 that has aspiration of bring forthing quality concern solutions for the planetary market. It is situated in Dhaka and is a joint venture between BG, a stock market listed taking company from Denmark and MD Group IT company from Bangladesh. It develops package, desktop/web based merchandises and applications and performs IT Consultancy in assorted Fieldss for many concerns in Europe and other parts of the universe and hence it has established successful bonding with European clients by supplying qualitative services. It defines itself by stressing cardinal focal point on supplying best services to valued clients. Bing an employee for twosome of old ages as Assistant General Manager, I have experiences of the direction section that ever guarantee smooth operation of the organisation and therefore successful completion of all undertakings in peculiar. The company is working with the province of art in Dhaka but is managed by lasting locally based European Chief Executive Officer. Since it has standing clients from Europe, BV believes to put a tradition where the European manner of covering concern will be a common thing. The company thinks that achievement can merely be achieved when quality calling chances along with installations are made available to the employees. They give high penchants on Human Resources, extended preparation by European experts, long-run employee partnership, Corporate Social Responsibility, both locally and internationally, during employments development procedure. The direction civilization of the company is rather similar to European manner, i.e. the top-level direction maintains friendly and professional relationship with the employee, preserve equality and presume them to be independent, proactive and self-motivated. It has a reasonably comprehensive and decentralised direction manner with less hierarchal relationship and is expected to hold common regard instead than one of to the full dedicated single trueness. The employees ever worked together and believe in teamwork. Since they belong from high educational background and/or holding old experiences, it was rather easy to accommodate such direction manner even though there were cultural differences with the top-level direction. Of class, the Chief executive officer does the general determinations and the subsidiaries are supposed to follow them. And others agenda, planning and order of flow of work are implemented by the team-lead among employees, where all the engagement, part of though ts is taken as input for developing a undertaking. During coactions with European clients, both the director and the full group of the undertaking do meetings and hence can able to concentrate more on the clients demands. Since there is a close dealing with the clients, no jobs can be seen to take topographic point while describing or updating clients outlook. This direction manner has been developed by the CEO in order to hold close connexions with the clients and tried non to hold any hierarchal degree in between so that plants would travel in fast gait, speedy determination devising, giving authorization chances, effectual while carry throughing client s demands and the Chief executive officer can hold clear focal point on subsidiaries undertakings. Employees expect and react to encouragement undertaking related leading with better public presentation and entire satisfaction as they gain assurance and accomplishment while director moves frontward within a democratic manner. The Chief executive officer of BV pays attending and gives values to the Bangladeshi civilization, tradition and behaviours and has achieved a better direction even in different culturally environment. He observed Bangladeshi civilization behaviours in a non-judgment manner and adapt liberally to a varied scope of effectual system, concern methodological analysis and societal environment. Despite of diverseness from backgrounds he has succeeded to work together efficaciously as a squad. Harmonizing to Hofstede s theoretical account, the CEO of BV follows the direction manner that is of Low Power Distance, Low Uncertainty Avoidance, Femininity, Collectivism and Long-term orientated features. Decisions Bangladeshi people are reasonably much adaptable and sociable in any environment and in any civilization. They know how to collaborate regardless of the fact that whether the company has level or tall organisational construction, whether it has centralized or decentralized direction. In Bangladesh, people follow reasonably formal concern etiquette. New coevalss learn cultural moralss and rules, spiritual values, linguistic communication in the class of socialisation with people, which in bend, aid to set up attitudes, develop passions and do cognizant about their societal individualism of being a Bangladeshi. Besides, instruction besides has major advantage in the facet of edifice 1s individuality. Nevertheless, the new coevalss are the people who contribute in political relations, entrepreneurships and economic prosperity of the state. Word count: 3523 Mentions: Arvind V. Phatak, Rabi S. Bhagat A ; Roger J. Kashlak, International Management Managing in a Diverse and Dynamic Global Environment, 2005, McGraw Hill Bangladeshi, Culture A ; Society, ( 2008 ) , IPTU Available from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.iptu.co.uk/content/bangladesh_business_cult.asp gt ; , [ accessed: June 18, 2010 ] Bangladesh Location A ; Size, ( 2010 ) , Encyclopaedia of Nation Available from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nationsencyclopedia.com/economies/Asia-and-the-Pacific/Bangladesh.html gt ; , [ accessed: June 16, 2010 ] Bangladesh: History, Geography and Culture, ( 2008 ) , Fact Monster Available from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0107317.html gt ; , [ accessed: June 16, 2010 ] Hofstede, Greet ( 2009 ) , Greet Hofstede Cultural Dimensions, Itim international. Available from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.geert-hofstede.com/ gt ; , [ accessed: June 18, 2010 ] Hodgetts, Luthan A ; Doh, International Management Culture, Strategy and Behaviour, 2006, McGraw Hill Intercultural Management Bangladesh, Kwintessential Available from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.kwintessential.co.uk/intercultural/management/bangladesh.html gt ; [ accessed: June 18, 2010 ] Khan, Rafayet, ( Apr 15, 2010 ) , National Culture of Bangladesh, Scribd. Available from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scribd.com/doc/29984322/National-Culture-of-Bangladesh-French-model gt ; , [ accessed: June 16, 2010 ] Workman, Daniel, ( Jan 23, 2003 ) , Trade Culture Dimensions, Suite101 Available from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //internationaltrade.suite101.com/article.cfm/trade_culture_dimensions gt ; , [ accessed: June 18, 2010 ]

Does Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Does Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - Essay Example This essay will examine the theory of humanism in child development with relation to learning and education. Humanism was first developed in the 1960s by prominent authors Maslow and Rogers. Many aspects of this approach are still relevant today. In particular, this essay will consider Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs as well as whether this is followed in practice and what criticism and contrasting theories exist. This theory has been applied in many different applications since its development and continues to be well used into the present day. Theories of Development There are a number of different theories that examine the way in which children learn and develop in educational environments . Prominent among these are behaviourism, constructivism, cognitivism, theories of social interaction and humanistic theories. Behavioural theory is determinalistic, and believes that the learner is a passive entity that responds solely to changes in environmental stimuli. Under constructivis m, learning is viewed as an active process while cognitive theories do not consider learning to be a change in behaviour, but rather a process through which new information is acquired . Humanism is an approach to learning and education that has been present since the 1960s. It was developed as a contrast to approaches such as behaviourism and cognitivism, both of which are heavily determinalistic. Humanists believe that the way in which an individual behaves is related to who they are internally, their feelings and concept of self. The approach assumes that humans are essentially good, and that growth and fulfilment are a predominant human motive. Humanism has resulted in many scientific advances in the understanding of human behaviour, and in particular, advances in professional practice . Humanism was initially developed for education by two prominent authors in the 1960’s and subsequently became an established movement within American psychology. These authors were Carl R ogers and Abraham Maslow and their views are thought to be relevant in education today. It has been argued that the current problems experienced in education are largely related to a failure to address the concerns that the authors raised . Rogers argues that in the present time traditional schooling methods are failing as people need a higher level of expertise in today’s world than was needed in the past, and there is a greater need to understand how and why something occurs than ever before. He focuses on the idea of person-centred learning, where the process of learning is the most important factor and the outcome is secondary. At the time of writing, more than 95 percent of activities within schools were selected by teachers, and Rogers considers that students having input in the activities that are undertaken is an essential component of effective learning. . The idea of person-centred learning that Rogers forwarded has become an effective approach in psychotherapy and counselling and is used frequently in modern times. However, his approach has not been widely adopted in schools. Maslow forwarded the idea that human motivation is the result of people seeking to grow and looking for fulfilment or self-actualisation. He produced a

Nursing Care Reflexive Practice Personal Statement

Nursing Care Reflexive Practice - Personal Statement Example Sometimes we just need somebody to talk to so that we can unload what has been bothering us. Once, I have gained her trust then she can tell me more personal things -- things that may have a direct or indirect relation to what caused or is causing her illness. It is an established fact that cases of abuse in the home, school or workplace has been discovered due to the incident reports, record keeping, and even private journals of nurses. The primary requisite to become a confidant is to win the patients trust. FHCHS has observed that "for a patient to disclose private or embarrassing details about their physical or mental condition, they need to first trust that their nurse will treat them with dignity and respect." Knowing my role and what I have to achieve, I had to act within the indeterminate time that I have been given. There is no certainty how long Ms. Smith will be staying in the hospital so I had to act immediately. The first task is to break the ice between us. This proved to be quite difficult because of her unresponsiveness. I tried to spend more time in her room to check on her, straighten her beddings, move the curtains to allow a patch of sunlight in the mornings, at times just to say "hi!" or to ask if she needed anything. I had even gotten into the habit of passing by the minute I started my rounds and even at the end of my shift. I had hoped that this would break the ice. But nothing happened. I tried to make a connection through the visitors that came. But even when she saw that her family and I were in good terms, she still remained unresponsive. Her family welcomed my sincerity and advice. They would even call or pass by during my break hours to just talk. For me, these talks gave me a deeper understanding of Jane. I felt relieved to find out from her relatives that she was just reserved because she was the cautious type and not because she was judgmental of other persons. I also found out that we shared certain commonalities that I know co uld be points of conversation that can make our friendship work if she just reaches out. She made the first move today. Today she smiled as I entered her room. I smiled back and instantly knew that things were going to be different. As I straightened the covers of her bed, she asked that I sit next to her. I cracked a joke to keep the happy atmosphere afloat. Perhaps she just wanted to say farewell since the Consultant has given approval for her to go home. I was surprised that she suddenly opened up. She had started to tell me of her situation at home. But as sudden as she started she also suddenly clammed up when the ward nurse asked for my assistance. I excused myself for I had to first see to the task at hand. I tried to finish fixing the beddings in the ward as fast as I could so that I can continue with my conversation with Jane. I was excited to go see her again hoping that I have finally gained her trust. But when I came into the room, she was again reserved. I tried to coax a conversation out of her by again starting a joke but she did not respond to that. It appears I have lost the momentum. I lost the opportunity to be a friend, to be a confidant and to help her emotionally. I felt so sad because I know that I could have helped her. My feeling

Reasons behind Nursing as Career Choice Dissertation

Reasons behind Nursing as Career Choice - Dissertation Example From this dissertation it is clear that recruiting general nurses, especially in the United States and Europe, has undergone considerable decline over the years. Such possible loss of entrants to the profession of nursing, along with the increased rates of attrition, has brought about issues among stakeholders such as occurrences wherein the supply of nurses is insufficient for meeting health demands. The increasing life expectancy along with the rising number of patients who are experiencing acute and chronic health conditions emphasize the need for an increase in nursing staff members. However, certain issues have been identified in human resources. According to reports, there have been challenges in nurse recruitment and the filling up of nursing positions at hospitals. For instance, in 2000, there was a shortage of an estimate of 110,700 registered nurses as reported by the Ministry of Health in the US. In addition, it was reported by Buerhaus, Staiger, and Auerbach that the shor tfall of registered nurses in the country is likely to reach up to 500,000 by the year 2025. Other countries, including Australia and the United Kingdom, have experienced nurse shortages as well. Numerous studies, such as that of Grainger and Bolan have explored the significance of recruiting nursing students as well as the need to address the issues that come with such procedure. Therefore, it has been asserted that a more thorough and organised procedure for selection can help recruit motivated students and reduce the possibilities for nursing students to not continue with a nursing career. For effective recruitment to be carried out, there is a need to look into the reasons as to why individuals prefer nursing as their career; furthermore, the factors that influence such reasons should be identified as well (Brodie et al., 2004). Such information can not only provide guidance to the content recruitment campaigns and improve their reliability; knowing such reasons may also have a positive impact on the rates of attrition from nursing programs which can consequently present implications for workforce planning (Seago et al., 2006). It has appeared that the society and the media have had significant influence on individuals selecting nursing as their career choice as well as on the recruitment of students to the nursing profession. A number of studies have suggested that applicants have been interested in the positive reputation of a nursing career (Rheaume, Woodside, Gautreau, and Di Tommaso, 2003). On

Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 1

Law - Essay Example Article XX of GATT is significant, because it provides scope for GATT members to exercise environmental restrictions in certain instances, despite their being inconsistent with the free trade obligations spelt out under the provisions of the GATT. It is especially significant from the perspective of environmentalists, because it strengthens their case by allowing restrictions on trade to be place in the interest of protection of the environment. But this article also makes it clear that such restrictions cannot be exercised by States when their implementation would be tantamount to discrimination against other States. As a result, it provides scope for those in favor of free trade who wish to contest environmental restrictions. The relative efficacy of Section XX of GATT from the perspective of environmentalists and free trade proponents is detailed further in this report. The broad objectives of the GATT – General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade- have been to foster trade among countries and to reduce the restrictions that are imposed by individual nations in order to protect their own, narrow, regional interests. The GATT was intended to represent the common set of rules and regulations to settle trade disputes through negotiations among the countries.3 Hence, the GATT seeks to promote a free flow of trade between all members who are its signatories. Multilateral agreements on the environment are those agreements made between various countries with the objective of preserving and protecting the environment. They may comprise two kinds of agreements: (a) agreements on the preservation of the environment through measures like preventing global warming, ozone depletion, rise in sea levels or other measures related to the environment and (b) agreements that link trade and the environment, wherein certain measures are

Reduce your excessive consumption of paper and contribute with the Essay

Reduce your excessive consumption of paper and contribute with the environment and community - Essay Example However, there are alternatives to using excessive amounts of paper. Such alternatives are using both sides of the paper, or simply received documents online instead of taking up paper. The government needs to take the lead in combating unnecessary paper consumption by offering incentives to those who are environmentally friendly. Another way that the government can have an effect is to implement laws to reduce paper consumption. Paper manufacturing occurs in many different parts of the world and has a number of impacts on the environment. One of these impacts is how it affects the planet, because paper manufacturing is an extremely energy intensive process. About half of the total energy used is in the pulping process, in addition to rolling and drying the pulp into paper. In 1973, the amount of energy needed to make one ream (500 sheets) of copy paper was equal to 3.7 gallons of gasoline. Because of today’s advanced technologies, the energy used to make the same amount of pa per takes up just two gallons of gasoline (Zaida, 2000). According to the U.S. Toxic Release Inventory Report published by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), pulp and paper mills are among the worst polluters to air, water, and land of any industry in the country (Martin, 2010). The principal concern for the industry is the chemicals that are used for this process, such as chlorine-based bleaches and the resultant toxic emissions to the air, water, and soil. Almost 4 billion trees or 35 percent of the total trees cut around the world are used in paper industries on every continent (Martin, 2010). We use paper in many different ways—tissue paper, cardboard packaging, stereo speakers, electrical plugs, home insulation, and in the sole inserts in tennis shoes. In short, paper is everywhere. The percentage of paper consumption is growing every year in conjunction with an increasing population. However, there are alternatives to preventing the excessive consumption of paper. One of these choices is to use both sides of print paper. This is one way to help save Mother Earth without having to join Greenpeace or start holding protest marches in your neighborhood. If your information is irrelevant and does not require formality, the information may be printed on both sides of the paper, not only to avoid the high consumption of energy and the harmful chemicals to nature, but also to save money for the cost of purchasing of paper (Arkin, 2010).   Another method is to take your name off mailing lists. It is estimated that over 700 million tons of mail is created each year via mailing lists and direct mailings (â€Å"Ways,† 2011). Contacting the Direct Marketing Association (DMA) and registering with their Mail Preference Service provides an effective way for you to fight unwanted junk mail. The DMA does not provide marketers with consumer mailing lists or carry out consumer mailings. You should avoid joining mailing lists by taking the precau tion of not sending a form with your name and address to anyone. When filling out a form, such as a warranty, subscription, raffle, customer information card, credit card application, and membership for an organization, add the phrase "please do not rent, sell, or trade my name or address" next to the other information provided. The sales representative will then identify your name and preference in their computer. Yet another way to fight excessive paper consumption

Legal Skills Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Legal Skills - Case Study Example He admitted that he knew that it contained prohibited drugs either heroin or cannabis. Analysis showed that the material in the suitcase was not a prohibited drug but vegetable matter akin snuff. He appealed on the ground that because the substance was not a prohibited drug he had not done an act which was not more then merely preparatory 2 to the commission of the offence as required by the Criminal Attempts Act 1981. The Court of Appeal dismissed his appeal. The appellant, on a visit to India, was approached by a man named Desai, who offered to pay him 1000 if, on his return to England, he would receive a suitcase which a courier would deliver to him containing packages of drugs which the appellant was then to distribute according to instructions he would receive. The suitcase was duly delivered to him in Cambridge. Acting on instructions, the appellant went to Southall station to deliver a package of drugs to a third party 3. Outside the station, he and the man he had met by appointment were arrested. A package containing a powdered substance was found in the appellant's shoulder bag. He produced to customs officers the suitcase from which the lining had been ripped out 4 and the remaining packages of the same powdered substance. In answer to questions by customs officers and in a long written statement the appellant made what amounted to a full confession of having played... The appellant believed the drugs to be either heroin or cannabis. In due course, the powdered substance in the several packages was scientifically analysed and found not to be a controlled drug but snuff or some similar harmless vegetable matter. The applicant was convicted under the Criminal Attempts Act 1981 s 1(1) of attempting to commit the offence of being of Knowingly concerned the dealing with and harbouring prohibited drugs s 170 (1) (b) of the Customs and Excise Management Act 1979. Section 1(1) of the Criminal Attempt Act 1981 provides that a person is guilty of attempting to commit an offence if, with intent to commit the offence, he does an act which is more than merely preparatory 5 to the commission of the offence. The prosecution must prove that the defendants did what they did knowingly and it must be proved that they knew the goods were prohibited goods and had been imported into the United Kingdom. There is evidence to consider in this case that Mr. Shivpuri particularly knew the nature of the substance. The House of Lords, looking at the case law and legislative history, concluded that Parliament intended that the only means rea necessary for an offence under Criminal Attempts Act 1981 s 1(1) and the Customs and Excise Management Act 1979, should be knowledge that the goods were subject to a prohibition on importation. If there are four offences, the means rea is the same for each. In this case, D would be guilty of the life offence, although the offence he believed he has committing was punishable with only 5 years. He would be attempt to commit the five years 5) Mens rea of the offence, offence, because that is the offence he intents to commit. These results

Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 1

Law - Essay Example Article XX of GATT is significant, because it provides scope for GATT members to exercise environmental restrictions in certain instances, despite their being inconsistent with the free trade obligations spelt out under the provisions of the GATT. It is especially significant from the perspective of environmentalists, because it strengthens their case by allowing restrictions on trade to be place in the interest of protection of the environment. But this article also makes it clear that such restrictions cannot be exercised by States when their implementation would be tantamount to discrimination against other States. As a result, it provides scope for those in favor of free trade who wish to contest environmental restrictions. The relative efficacy of Section XX of GATT from the perspective of environmentalists and free trade proponents is detailed further in this report. The broad objectives of the GATT – General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade- have been to foster trade among countries and to reduce the restrictions that are imposed by individual nations in order to protect their own, narrow, regional interests. The GATT was intended to represent the common set of rules and regulations to settle trade disputes through negotiations among the countries.3 Hence, the GATT seeks to promote a free flow of trade between all members who are its signatories. Multilateral agreements on the environment are those agreements made between various countries with the objective of preserving and protecting the environment. They may comprise two kinds of agreements: (a) agreements on the preservation of the environment through measures like preventing global warming, ozone depletion, rise in sea levels or other measures related to the environment and (b) agreements that link trade and the environment, wherein certain measures are

Legal Skills Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Legal Skills - Case Study Example He admitted that he knew that it contained prohibited drugs either heroin or cannabis. Analysis showed that the material in the suitcase was not a prohibited drug but vegetable matter akin snuff. He appealed on the ground that because the substance was not a prohibited drug he had not done an act which was not more then merely preparatory 2 to the commission of the offence as required by the Criminal Attempts Act 1981. The Court of Appeal dismissed his appeal. The appellant, on a visit to India, was approached by a man named Desai, who offered to pay him 1000 if, on his return to England, he would receive a suitcase which a courier would deliver to him containing packages of drugs which the appellant was then to distribute according to instructions he would receive. The suitcase was duly delivered to him in Cambridge. Acting on instructions, the appellant went to Southall station to deliver a package of drugs to a third party 3. Outside the station, he and the man he had met by appointment were arrested. A package containing a powdered substance was found in the appellant's shoulder bag. He produced to customs officers the suitcase from which the lining had been ripped out 4 and the remaining packages of the same powdered substance. In answer to questions by customs officers and in a long written statement the appellant made what amounted to a full confession of having played... The appellant believed the drugs to be either heroin or cannabis. In due course, the powdered substance in the several packages was scientifically analysed and found not to be a controlled drug but snuff or some similar harmless vegetable matter. The applicant was convicted under the Criminal Attempts Act 1981 s 1(1) of attempting to commit the offence of being of Knowingly concerned the dealing with and harbouring prohibited drugs s 170 (1) (b) of the Customs and Excise Management Act 1979. Section 1(1) of the Criminal Attempt Act 1981 provides that a person is guilty of attempting to commit an offence if, with intent to commit the offence, he does an act which is more than merely preparatory 5 to the commission of the offence. The prosecution must prove that the defendants did what they did knowingly and it must be proved that they knew the goods were prohibited goods and had been imported into the United Kingdom. There is evidence to consider in this case that Mr. Shivpuri particularly knew the nature of the substance. The House of Lords, looking at the case law and legislative history, concluded that Parliament intended that the only means rea necessary for an offence under Criminal Attempts Act 1981 s 1(1) and the Customs and Excise Management Act 1979, should be knowledge that the goods were subject to a prohibition on importation. If there are four offences, the means rea is the same for each. In this case, D would be guilty of the life offence, although the offence he believed he has committing was punishable with only 5 years. He would be attempt to commit the five years 5) Mens rea of the offence, offence, because that is the offence he intents to commit. These results

Bottled Water Essay Example for Free

Bottled Water Essay Bottled water is one of the easiest ways for getting good water. Bottled water is every where in offices, airplanes, stores, homes and restaurants across the country. People think that bottled water is the best option for their health instead of drinking tap water because they say tap water is not completely pure. What they dont know is that tap water is the same as drinking bottled water because industries like Nestle gives us tap water in plastic bottles. Plastic bottles contain many chemicals that damage our system by giving us different diseases. This increases the risk of people getting diseases while years pass. People dont research enough about how is bottled water is made and how they are just taking away our money in this type of products. Before watching the video about bottled water, I realized how bottled water affects our system like a person and how it affects our environment. After watching the video I really didnt drank bottled water because I am an ecologic person. I have always recycled bottles and in my old school I promoted ways to recycle bottles, and why to recycle. I realized all the pollution is going on in the earth and I like to keep it clean. Even if I am the only person who is recycling one person makes some how some difference for the planet to breath at least a little bit. It makes me sad how people dont care about our planet knowing all the struggles and the lack of resources we now have. I have my personal plastic bottled to refill to drink water. This is some how good for the planet because we can use one water bottled and drink tap water and recycle. If industries like Nestle are giving us tap water in their fancy plastic bottles to make us believe that they are giving us pure water, why not drink tap water if it is the same. In reality, bottled water is just water. Bottle water means garbage, plastic bottles just makes more garbage in the planet and not all of them are recycled as the recycled industries say they are. Most of them end in the Pacific Ocean, rivers, lakes, etc. Plastic bottles besides killing us with their chemicals they also kill animals. This plastic bottles end up in lakes and in natural environments. Fish, birds, and other animals end up eating some how plastic because it is in their environment, this increases the percentage of animals dying in our natural environment; causing endangered animals. It makes me sad how people knowing how plastic bottles or even in my Earth Science class know how tap water is the same as bottled water are the same and they keep buying them. Why not buy your own plastic water and drink tap water if it is going to be the same kind of product and this way we can recycle by using the same water bottle many times, and drinking the same product that industries like Nestle are providing us in bottled water. I hope that with this critical analysis some of my classmates realize how bottled water is bad for their health and how bottled water damage not only us but also our environment. There are many things going on besides bottled water polluting our environment and damage other living animals. Lets no be selfish and take in consideration all of this information. http://www.epa.gov/ogwdw/faq/pdfs/fs_healthseries_bottlewater.pdf http://www.rd.com/health/rethink-what-you-drink/ http://www.chem.duke.edu/~jds/cruise_chem/water/wattap.html http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/tapped/

Construction Project for Denver International Airport

Construction Project for Denver International Airport 1. Project Concept and Strategy 1.1 Is the decision to build a new airport at Denver a strategically sound decision? Give Reasons for your opinion. Yes, the decision to build a new airport at Denver is a strategically sound one. This is because Denvers Stapleton Airport was experiencing brisk growth prior to deregulations. Deregulation meant open market competition that would bring air travel within the reach of average person thereby increasing air traffic at the Stapleton Airport. Moreover, the regional council of governments predicted that the airport would not be able to handle the necessary traffic by 2000. Stapleton could have been modernized giving it a lease of life for another five years but Denvers remote location meant that the insufficient capacity problem would still persest and could cause city to lose valuable business. Denver Stapleton airport was also one of the major connecting airports and was ranked in top ten worst air traffic bottlenecks in United States. These bottlenecks at Denver affected other airports as it had only two runways located very closely to each other which in bad weather were considered one. The new airport was meant to solve this bottleneck problem for Denver city. Stapleton airport was affected by high velocity winds which resulted in operations being shifted from one direction to the other, this procedure wasted 45 minutes. The new airport would bring this time to 4 minutes thereby saving cost and time for the airport. 1.2 Using the Gray and Larsons model, write a simple project scope statement for DIA project. Project Objective: Constructing a world class international airport that would serve the needs of the city for at least fifty to sixty years with an estimated cost of $1.7 billon. Deliverables:- Building a world class international airport for Denver City. Ten 12,000 runways and two 16,000 foot runway. 327 foot FAA air traffic control and a base building structure. Runway/taxiway lighting system. Creation of a buffer zone to protect surrounding residents. Building three concourses with 72 airline gates and 18 commuter gates. DCV baggage handling system for the entire airport. Milestones:- Passing of Airport Referendum. Land Selection and other legal clearance Airport Design Project Management teams selection Construction of the runways Construction of airport facilities Opening Day Technical Requirements:- Continuos noise monitoring and limits on business which are in direct competition with the existing business in Adams County. Prohibiting residential development within 60 LDN noise level. Translucent tent-like roof for the Airport. Runway/taxiway lighting system. All three concourses to provide 70 airline gates and 18 commuter gates. Fully automated baggage handling system. Limits and exclusions:- BAE would design and build the automated baggage handling system. U.S. West Communication Services was responsible for Airports telephone services. The City of Denver, Greiner Engineering and Morrison-Kundse Engineering will comprise the project management team and will be responsible for information management, managing costs, scheduled coordination and administration of the contractors. New Orleans Architectural firm responsible for creating standards that would unify the whole airport and to do the schematics and design development of the main terminal. Review with customer:- Review is to be done with the Denver City Council. 2. Project define and planning 2.1 Did the project plan explain how risk management, and any changes in the project would be controlled? Should this be part of the plan? Give reasons. DIA project plan did not explain how risk management or any other changes in the project would be controlled. Project Management teams often use Statement of work (SWO) or Project Charter to establish risk limits (Larson Gray, 2011). DIA case study does not provide any evidence as to the use of these documents to establish risk and to manage them. Risk are always perceived to have negative impact but they can also be positive (Turbit, 2011). Therefore, Risk management is very crucial part in project planing as the future is uncertain and what risk management can do is to identify all the potential risk and assign contingence plan for the same. Turbit (2011), has given the basic steps for risk management, these are:- Risk Identification Risks Quantification Risk Response Risk Monitoring and control By following these simple steps, risks can be identified and appropriate contingencies plans for them same can be made. These steps if followed correctly justify the importance of risk management in project management. 2.2 How many times has the DIA project changed the scope and what are the effects of scope changes on project management? Project Scope is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The work that needs to be accomplished to deliver a product, Service, or result with the specified features and functions.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Going by this definition the scope of DIA has been changed seven times thereby extending the deadline of the project. These are as follows:- In March 1993:- Denver Mayor announced that opening would be postponed to December of 1993. The effect of this is the rise in cost form $1.7 billion to $2.7 billion. In October 1993:- Opening date pushed to March 1994. Delay associated with problems in Baggage handling system and fire- security system. The effect of this was the projects cost rising to $3.1 billion and upset cargo carriers. In December 1993:- Due to incomplete baggage handling system another delay announced. In February 1994:- Opening rescheduled to May 1994 due to the incomplete baggage handling system. In May 1994:- Another delay in opening and Hiring of two German experts who had worked on a similar baggage handling system at Frankfurt airport. In August 1994:- Indefinite delay in opening announced, manual backup baggage handling system. The effect is, rising costs now estimated at over $4 billion. The effect of scope changes on project management is scope creep and rising costs. DIA project managers have incorporate so many small changes giving rise to so much additional work that the budget in hand and the time needed to accomplish the project is now insufficient resulting in seven delays in project completion. 2.3 Recommend a suitable project organisation structure for DIA project and justify your choice. The project organisation structure that I would recommend for DIA project is Organising projects as dedicated teams. Following are the reasons for my choice:- Simple: As the project teams comprise of specialists the functional organisations working is not affected by the formation of such project organisational structures (Larson Gray, 2011). If this structure was adopted the City of Denver would have been kept out of Project management and only the specialist team would have been responsible for the project Fast: It has been observed that dedicates teams accomplish the projects much more quickly as every team members effort is dedicated to one common goal (Larson Gray, 2011). In DIA this was not the case as three Project Management teams were coordinating there effort. Staff adhesion and high motivation: Team members show high degree of motivation, adhesion and responsibility as everyone in the team is working for a common goals (Larson Gray, 2011). If DIA had followed this structure the responsibility and ownership of task would have been much easier. Cross Functional Integration: People with different skill set work towards the optimisation of project even if it is not there area of expertise (Larson Gray, 2011). Freedom to project manager: compared to other to form of project organisation structure the project manager has comparatively more freedom to control their team resulting in better and quicker decision making (Larson Gray, 2011). 3. Communication and Stakeholder Management 3.1 Project communications were apparently poor. Give examples of two communication mishaps and justify your answer. According to Larson Gray (2011) Communication is one of the main components in project management. However, in DIAs case the communication was rather poor. Examples of two communication mishaps are as follows:- No inputs from the two major Airlines in the design phase: 80% of the flights at Stapleton airport were controlled by United and Continental yet no inputs or their involvement in design face was never sought. This was a major communication mishap, because these two would be the major controllers of flights at the new Denver International Airport. Failure to get their vital input in the design phase was a failure on the part of PMT. DCV system: Good project communication plan would have told the team member about the issues and risks associated with this complex baggage handling system. But communication in regards to DCA system was a diaster in project management perspective. The terminal construction had already begun and no one knew what the design of DCV system was. No one was aware of the risks and complexity associated with such system. This is an instance of a major failure of communication in the DIA project. 3.2 Why was Unites Airline opposed to expansion of Front Range Airport? UPS wanted to build a regional hub at the Front Range Airport. This required federal funds. If FAA granted funds for UPS regional hub then a commercial airlines could not be prohibited from setting up shops in the Front Range Airport. As costs were already fixed the threat to United Airlines was from the low cost carriers who would have operated at Front Range Airport. If this happened it would reduce the passenger traffic at DIA which equated to less profit for United Airlines. To curb UPS ambitions United filed a lawsuit. Moreover, it also secured the passenger number at the new DIA airport. 3.3 Why is Stakeholder involvement so critical? Briefly explain four main stakeholders interests or objectives? Stakeholders includes everyone whose interest the project affects negatively or positively (Larson Gray, 2011). This definition of the stakeholder makes it very clear how important stakeholders are to a project. If the Project Manager does not understand how different stakeholders affect the project it can de detrimental for the projects completion. Therefore, it is important to manage their dependency on the project. Four main stakeholders and their interest / objectives Adams County: Adam County is interested in DIA because it is being constructed in their area. Their objective is to ensure the interests and safety of people living in its area. This is being done by creating buffer zones, keeping the noise pollution down and the limits on new business opening as a consequence of DIAs construction. New Orleans-based architectural firm:- One of the contractors of DIA. Their objectives are:- Creating standards for the unification of the airport and taking the design of main terminal through design development and schematics. BAE:- One of the contractors for DIA. Their objectives are to design and build the baggage handling system within two years. U.S. West Communication Services: Is one of the contractors in the DIA project. They are responsible for the telephone services of DIA. 4. Risk Management 4.1 What appears to be the single greatest risk in the decision to build DIA-discuss? The single greatest risk in the decision to building DIA is that the construction of the Airport began 1989 without a signal contract being signed between DIA and the two major airlines, Continental and United. These two airlines were the main stakeholder in the project and were likely to control 80% of the flights at DIA as they did in Stapleton airport, they convinced DIA to make some substantial changes and addition to the originally plans. DIA did oblige to their request but without any agreement between them. If the two later on decided not to operate at DIA they could not be forced to do so as they were not legally bound by any contracts. 4.2 How did DIA project handle risk? Was this effective? What might they have done? DIA only did the preliminary risk analysis which involved only three areas, these were weather, cost and human resources. Apart form this no risks analysis were done. These risks analysis were not that effective as it was seen in cost risk analysis where the bids for construction were received below citys own estimates. DIA project did not have a proper risk management programme. After Mr Waddles left DIA to join State of Colorado the project was without a full-time risk manager for several months and eventually a replacement was found in Molly Austin Flaherty. To sum up whatever endeavours DIA undertook in regards to risk management were unsuccessful. To manage risks more effectively DIA should have undertaken the risk management process. This process includes four steps, these are (Larson Gray, 2011):- Risk Identification Risk Assessment Risk Response Development Risk Response Control If DIA had diligently followed these steps it would have been in a far better position to identify all the risk involved with the project and develop appropriate responses for them. 5. Contracting Services 5.1 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Construction began without a signed agreement from Continental and United Airlinesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?- why is a formal signed agreement necessary in this project? Continental and United were the main stakeholders in the DIA project; together both controlled 80% of the flights at the Stapleton airport. Given their existing presence in the Denver air space it was given that they would be the major users of the new DIA airport. Denver City Council should have formally involved Continental and United in the DIA project as they could have given vital inputs at the design phase and should have sign an agreement with them. Instead, DIA project planners made important changes to the original design on suggestions made by the two airlines. Moreover, these changes were made to the original plan without any contract being signed between them and the two airlines. DIA should have signed agreement with both of them as this would have lead to the sharing of risk that would have risen through the changes proposed by the two airlines (Larson Gray, 2011). The commitment would also have assured a commitment of maintaining a certain number of flights at the new DIA airport. However, DIA opted for not having any agreement with the two airlines. This left DIA venerable, as both could reduce their operations at the new DIA airport or withdraw from the new venture altogether. This meant that the very companies on whose base the billion dollar investment was planned and constructed could walk out at will as they were not binded by any formal agreements. 5.2 What contractors were involved in the DIA project and briefly explain two main contractors performances. The Contractors that were involved in the DIA project are:- Morrision-Knudseb Engineering (MKE):- Contracted for Project Management Team. Greiner Engineering: Contracted for Project Management Team. New Orleans Based Architecture firm: Contracted for creating unified standards for airport and taking the design of main terminal through schematics and design developments. BAE: Contracted for the design and building of baggage handling system. US West Communication Services: Contracted for DIAs telephone services. Union Pacific: Contracting for designing track for the train that would connect Denver to DIA. Bechtel Corporation: Responsible for transferring of airport facilities from Stapleton airport to DIA, this has to be done over night. Two Main Contractors Performance:- BAE: They were responsible for designing and building the automated baggage handing system. BAE was brought into the project after 3 years of construction and still BAE miscalculated the time it needed to complete the project and committed to do the entire work in two years which otherwise would have taken eight years. BAE miscalculated the work involved which resulted in the baggage handling system not being delivered at the required time. To sum up BAEs performance was unsatisfactory for this project. Greiner Engineering: Was one of the firms in the project management team (PMT). The PMT did not perform satisfactorily. Things such as risk management, project communication biding, to name few, were not performed satisfactorily by the PMT. 5.3 Did the project follow a systematic bid process? What might they have done? No, the project did not follow a systematic bid process. Case litterateur does give some evidence in regards to the biding process but it is not strong enough to classify the biding process as systematic. There is an instance in case where the New Orleans based architecture firm was selected on their past experience with Denver city council thereby providing further evidence that a systematic biding process was not followed. DIA should have followed the RFP process. The first step the Project manager should have done was to develop the Request of Proposal (RFP) for the project or for parts of it (Larson Gray, 2011). Then the RFP/s should have been announced to the outside contractors with adequate capabilities and expertise (Larson Gray, 2011). The next step would have sees the interested contractors submitting written bids which would have been followed by DIA project mangers selecting the bid that best meet the requirements of RFP/s (Larson Gray, 2011). This process would have ended by providing explanations to contractors as to why they were not selected (Larson Gray, 2011). 6. Progress Monitoring and Control 6.1 Identify the main causes of schedule variation in DIA project. Numbers of causes were associated with the scheduled variation of the DIA project but the main ones are listed as follows:- DCV baggage handling system: according to case literature the baggage handling system delayed the DIA project four times. Two specialists were hired from Germany to iron out the problems with the baggage handling system at the DIA airport. Ultimately a back manual system was financed by DIA authorities as the reliability and completion of the automated system could not be guaranteed by the contactors. Frequent Scope Changes: The scope of project was changed on a number of occasions, though the changes were minor but their aggregated effects on the project cost and its completion were immense. Communication Plan: The project did not have an effective communication plan. There was no communication between the different stakeholders resulting in scheduled variation of DIA project. Risk Management planning: The project managers of DIA did not evaluate the risks involved with the project nor did they develop an effective communication plan to tackle the identified risks. This also led to the scheduled variation of the project. 6.2 What would you have done when you saw that the project would not meet its schedule? If I saw that the project would not meet its deadline I would have done the following things:- Conducted an in-process Audit: In-process audit would have been used by me if I saw the project would not meet its deadline. This is because it allows for corrective actions if the situation changes keeping a strong focus on project advancement and performance (Larson Gray, 2011). This would also help to identify constraints in the project. Implementing Integrated Cost/schedule system: The major problems that the builders of DIA had were the costs, time and communication in the project which were beyond their control. According to Larson Gray (2011), as time passes the ability to influence a particular cost decreases. Therefore, a well integrated cost/schedule system will be able to keep the costs and schedule in check through timely reporting of the same. This will also aid in better decision making as all the stakeholders will be provided with the same facts and figures. Resource levelling: DIA is a time constraint project. I can use resource levelling technique to delay non-critical activities and concentrate on critical ones (Larson Gray, 2011). 7. Project Closeout 7.1 Highlight the major areas of strength in the management of this project. DIA project did not have much to speak about, but a couple of things do deserve to be mentioned, these are:- Even though DIA failed to involved all the stakeholders effectively into the project. They however, did work efficiently with stakeholders, whom they were involved with, to resolve their queries and objections. The original Airport design had four concourses but DIA project planners had efficient WBS to build only three concourses in order to keep the budget down. 7.2 The DIA project was evidently not well run. Why? Give reasons for your opinion. Yes, the DIA project was evidently not well run. The reasons are as follows:- Inadequate Risk Management: Though DIA project managers did under take risk management it was not sufficient for the project. The risk management process failed to identify critical risks which resulted in waste of time and money to cope up with such risks. Moreover, the project was without a full time Risk Manger for several months. Lack of effective communication plan: DIA did not have a well executed communication plan. Consistent and timely information about the project was not given to various stakeholders. This effected the decision making process as everyone was not on the same wave length. Scope creep: DIA project managers kept on including small tasks without realising the impact it was having on the scope of the project resulting in increased costs. 7.3 Overall, What lessons have you learnt from DIA project? The lessons learnt from the DIA project are as follows:- Involvement of main stakeholders: It is very important and crucial for a projects success to involve the main stakeholders in the project. DIA made a blunder by not involving the Continental and United in the design phase ad these two could have given vital inputs in the design phase. Moreover, their involvement in the inception stage would have meant that the later changes made by each of them to the design would not have happened. Importance of Risk Management Process:- A proper well execute risk management process is very important for an project as it prepares and makes the management about all the risk that may arise and equips them with options to tackle the risks as and when they may arise. Importance of communication plan: A well executed communication plan delivers consistent information to the various stakeholders thereby increasing the speed of decision making process. Setting realistic goals: Management should take into account the budget and the time before setting up any goals. Prime example in the case is of the automated baggage handling system. The system involved eight years of work but the contractor committed to complete it in two years which was not a realistic goal. Proper biding process should be followed: A proper RFP process should be followed. This given equal chance for all the external contractors to participate in the biding process and ensures that deserving contractors will be selected which ultimately will be beneficial for the project.